College Anatomy Cardiovascular System Part One: Blood

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College AnatomyCardiovascular SystemPart One
Blood

• Southern Boone County Schools
• Bill Palmer

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Blood-Wrap-ups

• Matching Questions 1-10, page 662
• Multiple Choice Questions 1-10, page
• 662-663
• Sketch (in color) and label each of the five
  types of WBCs and tell their function.
• What is septicemia?
• What are the two basic types of leukemia?
• What does it mean to say that Sickle-Cell Anemia
  and Malaria may have coevolved?
• How did T-cells get their name and why is
  research with them so important today?

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Cardiovascular System

• Three Main Parts
• Blood
• Heart
• Blood Vessels
• We will begin by studying Blood

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Blood

• Blood is perhaps the most commonly analyzed and
  investigated substance in the health care
  profession!
• What if you dont like blood but want to be in
  a health care profession?
• Not to worry! Many health care professionals
  never see or even think about blood!

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Blood

• Magic Substance
• Revered in poetry and literature
• So valuable that it can save a life
• Loss can kill
• Take for granted
• Often in songs-rock and roll
• Often in literature- Dracula
• A type of connective tissue

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Blood

• Blood is always RED Never Blue
• Brick Red
• Bright Scarlet
• Depends on the amount of dissolved Oxygen in the
  blood

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Blood

• Volume
• Adult Males 5-6 liters
• Adult Females 4-5 liters

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Blood

• Components of Blood
• Erythrocytes (RBC) 44
• Leukocytes (WBC) lt1
• Platelets lt 1
• Plasma 55

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Blood

• Functions of Blood
• (1) Transportation
• (2) Regulation
• (3) Protection

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Blood

• Functions of Blood (1)
• Transportation-
• Oxygen (RBC)
• Carbon Dioxide (RBC)
• Nutrients (Plasma)
• Hormones (Plasma)
• Waste (Plasma)

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Blood

• Functions of Blood (2)
• Regulation
• Body Temperature
• pH
• Fluid levels

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Blood

• Functions of Blood (3)
• Protection
• Fight infection (leukocytes)
• Antibodies (Plasma)
• Blood clots (platelets and blood proteins)

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Blood

• Plasma-Liquid part of Blood
• Serum Proteins Plasma
• Water 92

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Blood

• Plasma Proteins
• Albumins- (59) Smallest in size but most
  abundant in number proteins-
• regulate water movement
• Carry hormones and lipids

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Blood

• Plasma Proteins
• Globulins- (37) Second largest group of proteins
• Protect against pathogens
• Move hormones

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Blood

• Plasma Proteins
• Fibrinogen- 4 of blood protein
• Responsible for blood clots
• Forms fibrin (makes blood clot )

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Blood

• Formed Elements-Three Parts
• The solid parts of the blood
• Erythrocytes (RBC)
• Leukocytes (WBC)
• Platelets

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Blood

• Hematocrit
• Very important health analysis
• Gives the percent of RBC in the blood
• Normal Adult Males 42-56
• Normal Adult Females 38-46
• Children vary widely
• Altitude affect hematocrit (higher elevation adds
  more RBC)
• More RBC makes blood more viscous (thicker),
  causing the heart to work harder

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Blood

• Blood Smear
• Very important health analysis
• Finger is pricked
• Blood is smeared across slide
• Blood is stained to better show details
• Slide is viewed in microscope

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Blood

• Erythrocytes
• Red Blood Cells
• Mature RBCs have no nuclei or organelles-better
  to carry oxygen
• Contain hemoglobin
• Transports Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
• Oxygenated (has oxygen)
• Deoxygenated (has no oxygen)

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Blood

• Erythrocytes
• Without nucleus and organelles, RBCs die
  quickly, (live about 120 days)
• 1 of your RBCs die every day
• Recycled in your spleen and liver by macrophages
• Some parts of RBCs become a component bile

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Blood

• Blood Types
• ABO Blood Group-four types based on antigens
• A (has Antigen A and anti B antibodies)
• B (has Antigen B and type A antibodies)
• AB (has both Antigen A and B and no antibodies)
• O (has Neither Antigen A or B and both anti A and
  Anti B antibodies)

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Blood

• Blood Types
• Rh Blood Type
• Came from study of Rhesus Monkey
• May have it (positive, ) or not (negative, -)
• Most important to pregnant women
• Mother may be Rh- and fetus Rh because of
  genetics
• Mothers Rh antibodies may cross placenta and
  affect fetus-resulting in illness or death
• Mother takes immunoglobulins that prevent
  development of R antibodies

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Blood

• Blood Types
• ABO and Rh are usually reported together
• AB, AB- O, O- etc.

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Blood Types
BLOOD TYPE CAN GIVE TO CAN RECEIVE FROM
A A A, O
B B B, O
AB AB A, B, AB, O
O A, B, AB, O O
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Distribution of Blood Types
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Frequency of ABO Blood Types
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Blood

• TYPE O is the UNIVERSAL DONOR
• TYPE AB is the UNIVERSAL RECIPENT

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Blood

• Erythrocytes (RBCs)
• Mature RBCs have no nucleus or other organelles
• Small Cells
• Contain Hemoglobin-280m molecules of hemoglobin
  per RBC
• Oxygenated-Bright Red
• Deoxygenated-Brick red
• Perceived as blue due to skin

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Blood

• Erythrocytes (RBCs)
• No organelles reduce life of cell to 120 days
• I like cookies

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Blood

• Leukocytes (WBCs)
• Leukopenia Low WBCs
• Leukocytosis Elevated WBCs
• Diapedesis WBCs leave bloodstream
• Chemotaxis Process that takes WBCs to site of
  infection

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Blood

• Two families of Leukocytes
• Granulocytes (have granules)
• Neutrophils
• Eosinphils
• Basophiles
• Agranulocytes (do not have granules)
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes

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Blood

• Granulocytes (Neutrophils)
• Most Common WBCs (60-70 of total)
• Pale colored granules
• 1.5 X larger than RBC
• Multi-lobed nucleus (up to 5)
• Leave blood vessels and phagocytize bacteria
• Numbers rise with infection

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Blood

• Granulocytes (Eosinphils)
• 2-4 of total WBCs
• Bi-lobed nucleus
• Fight antigens (such as those caused by a
  parasitic worm)

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Blood

• Granulocytes (Basophils)
• Least numerous (.5-1.0)
• Bi-lobed nucleus
• Many granules-obscures the nucleus
• Fight swollen membranes, prevent blood clots

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Blood

• Agranulocytes (Lymphocytes)
• 20-25 of WBCs
• Round nucleus
• Three types
• T-Lymphocytes (T-Cells)- manage immune response
• B-lymphocytes (B Cells)-become plasma and produce
  antibodies
• Killer Cells (NK Cells)-attack and destroy
  abnormal ad infected cells

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Blood

• Agranulocytes (Monocytes)
• 3X the size of RBCs
• 3-8 of WBCs
• Kidney or C-shaped nucleus
• Become Macrophages that destroy bacteria, dead
  cells, debris

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Blood

• Platelets
• Irregular in shape
• .25 size of RBCs
• Produced in Red Bone Marrow
• Produce Fibrin that causes blood clot.

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Blood Disorders

• Anemia
• Low RBCs
• Body des not get enough oxygen so heart has to
  work harder
• Symptoms
• Lethargy
• Shortness of breath
• Pallor
• Fatigue
• Heart Palpitations

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Blood Disorders

• Sickle-Cell Anemia
• Inherited
• Erythrocytes are sickle shaped and cannot flow
  through blood vessels efficiently

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Blood Disorders

• Sickle-Cell Anemia affects Negro Race
• May be coevolutionary with Malaria

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Blood Disorders

• Leukemia
• Cancer of the Leukocyte forming Cells
• Increased Leukocytes in blood and bone marrow
• Acute Leukemia
• Chronic Leukemia

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Blood Disorders

• Acute Leukemia
• Progresses rapidly
• Death often occurs within months of diagnosis
• Anemia-Hemorrhages-Infections
• Most often in children and young adults
• Bone marrow transplants offer great hope

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Blood Disorders
ACUTE LEUKEMIA
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT
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Blood Disorders

• Chronic Leukemia
• Progresses rapidly
• Death often occurs within year of diagnosis
• Anemia-Tendency to bleed
• Most often in middle age and older individuals

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Blood Wrap-ups

• 1. Sketch and color each of the 5 types of
  leukocytes.
• 2. What are T-Cells and why are scientist
  studying them today?
• 3. Why is it said that sickle-cell anemia and
  malaria may have co-evolved?
• 4. What color is blood? How do you know?