BME 365R

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BME 365R

• Final Exam Review

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Final ExamEdition
TVs hit quiz show comes to BME365.
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Rules

• Contestants answer multiple choice questions
• Increasing level of difficulty
• Increasing number of bonus points toward final
  exam
• AUTOMATIC 100 ON FINAL!!!
• Three lifelines
• 50/50 take away two incorrect answers
• Ask the audience class votes
• Phone a friend ask a friend in class
• If contestant answers question incorrectly
• Play stops
• Contestant loses all points
• Contestant can stop at any time, even after
  seeing question

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Rules

• Bonus point values
• 1 bonus point
• 2 bonus points
• 3 bonus points
• 4 bonus points
• 5 bonus points
• 6 bonus points
• 10 bonus points
• 15 bonus points
• 20 bonus points
• 100 bonus points

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Qualifying Round

• Contestants selected in qualifying round
• Rank order answers to question YOUR NAME
• Contestant with first correct answer pulled out
  of the hat gets to play

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Lets Play

• Qualifying Round
• Write down answer
• Pass in

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Qualifying Question 1

• Rank the four microscopy techniques in order of
  spatial resolution, giving the technique with the
  best resolution first
• TEM
• SEM
• Light Microscopy
• AFM

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Qualifying Answer 1

• Rank the four microscopy techniques in order of
  spatial resolution, giving the technique with the
  best resolution first
• AFM
• TEM
• SEM
• Light Microscopy

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Cellular Anatomy

• Microscopy
• Much of what we know about cell anatomy comes
  from microscopy
• Transmission Electron Microscopy
• 0.5 nm resolution
• Scanning Electron Microscopy
• 10 nm resolution
• Light Microscopy
• 0.5 micron resolution

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Question 1 1 Bonus Point

• In an electrical circuit, what defines a node?
• A point where two or more wires meet
• A point where three or more wires meet
• The location of ground
• The bottom right hand corner

50/50
Next qualifying round
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Question 1 1 Bonus Point

• In an electrical circuit, what defines a node?
• A point where two or more wires meet
• A point where three or more wires meet

Next qualifying round
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A point where three or more wires meet
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Analysis Methods

• Nodal Analysis
• Identify nodes
• Point where 3 or more wires meet
• Identify branches
• Choose one node to be the reference (ground node)
• Write KCL at each node
• Express currents in terms of node voltages
• Solve for node voltages

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Question 2 2 Bonus Points

• If we wish to use a DNA microarray to determine
  gene expression patterns in a sample, what
  molecule must be extracted from that sample?
• DNA
• cDNA
• mRNA
• proteins

50/50
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Question 2 2 Bonus Points

• If we wish to use a DNA microarray to determine
  gene expression patterns in a sample, what
  molecule must be extracted from that sample?
• cDNA
• mRNA

Next qualifying round
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mRNA
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Central Dogma

• Gene ATGAGTAACGCG Non-template strand
• TACTCATTGCGC Template strand
• Transcription
• mRNA AUGAGUAACGCG
• Translation
• Protein MetSerAsnAla

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How Do We Use a DNA Microarray?

• Extract mRNA from cells under study
• Convert mRNA to cDNA
• Label cDNA with fluorescent probe
• Incubate labeled cDNA with microarray
• Wash slide to remove unbound cDNA
• Scan slide with laser scanning fluorescence
  microscope
• Determine which genes are expressed
  in test sample

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Question 3 3 Bonus Points

• The Na-K-ATPase is the most important transport
  protein in animal cells. It maintains
  concentration gradients of Na and K across cell
  membrane. Which describes the stoichiometry of
  this pump?
• 3Na out of cell, 2K in cell per ATP
• 3Na in cell, 2K out of cell per ATP
• 2Na out of cell, 3K in cell per ATP
• 3Na out of cell, 2K in cell per 10 ATP

50/50
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Question 3 3 Bonus Points

• The Na-K-ATPase is the most important transport
  protein in animal cells. It maintains
  concentration gradients of Na and K across cell
  membrane. Which describes the stoichiometry of
  this pump?
• 3Na out of cell, 2K in cell per ATP
• 2Na out of cell, 3K in cell per ATP

Next qualifying round
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3Na out of cell, 2K in cell per ATP
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Na-K-ATPase

• Most important transport protein in animal cells
• Maintains concentration gradients of Na and K
  across cell membrane
• Pumps
• 3Na out of cell
• 2K in cell
• per ATP
• Energy needed to move these ions
• Uses 30 of total ATP produced by cell

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Question 4 4 Bonus Points

• In modeling cardiac output, which of the
  following statements is NOT true
• CveinsltltCarteries
• The heart is more compliant during diastole than
  in systole
• During systole, the pressure in the heart is the
  same as the aortic pressure
• During diastole, the pressure in the heart is the
  same as the venous pressure

50/50
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Question 4 4 Bonus Points

• In modeling cardiac output, which of the
  following statements is NOT true
• CveinsltltCarteries
• The heart is more compliant during diastole than
  in systole

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CveinsltltCarteries
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Cardiac Output

• Think of heart as compliance vessel
• V Vo(t) C(t)P
• Diastole
• Heart is at rest
• Very compliant
• Pressure venous pressure
• Systole
• Heart contracting
• Much less compliant
• Pressure aortic pressure

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Compliance

• Blood vessels are elastic
• As pressure increases, they can expand
• V Vo CP
• CveinsgtgtCarteries

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Question 5 5 Bonus Points

• Find the Nernst potential of calcium with
  extracellular concentration of 1.5 mM and an
  intracellular concentration of 2x10-4 mM.
• 118.2 mV
• 236.4 mV
• 272.1 mV
• -118.2 mV

Next qualifying round
50/50
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Question 5 5 Bonus Points

• Find the Nernst potential of calcium with
  extracellular concentration of 1.5 mM and an
  intracellular concentration of 2x10-4 mM.
• 118.2 mV
• 236.4 mV

Next qualifying round
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118.2 mV
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Electrical Disequilibrium

• Which ions are responsible for resting membrane
  potential?
• K generates most of resting membrane potential
• Osmotic pressure causes K to leak from cell
• Electrical gradient pulls K back in cell
• When forces are balanced, no more net movement of
  K
• Nernst Potential

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Question 6 6 Bonus Points

• The amount of blood pumped by the ventricle with
  each heart beat is defined as
• Stroke Volume
• Ejection Fraction
• Cardiac Output
• Lub from Lub-Dub

Next qualifying round
50/50
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Question 6 6 Bonus Points

• The amount of blood pumped by the ventricle with
  each heart beat is defined as
• Stroke Volume
• Cardiac Output

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Stroke Volume
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Quantifying Heart Performance

• Heart Rate (HR)
• Number of heart beats per minute
• Normal value is 60-90 bpm at rest
• Stroke Volume (SV)
• Amount of blood pumped by ventricle with each
  heart beat
• Normal value is 60-80 ml
• Cardiac output (CO)
• Total volume of blood pumped by ventricle per
  minute
• CO HR x SV
• Normal value is 4-8 L/min
• Blood volume
• Total volume of blood in circulatory system
• Normal value is 5 L
• Total volume of blood is pumped through our heart
  each minute!!

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Question 7 10 Bonus Points

• In the Hodgkin Huxley model, we wish to describe
  the time-dependent opening and closing of ion
  channels. If we adopt the picture below, which
  de correctly describes n, the of open channels?
• dn/dt an(V)(n)-bn(V)(1-n)
• dn/dt -an(V)(1-n)-bn(V)(n)
• dn/dt an(V)(1-n)-bn(V)(n)
• dn/dt an(V)(1-n)bn(V)(n)

50/50
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Question 7 10 Bonus Points

• In the Hodgkin Huxley model, we wish to describe
  the time-dependent opening and closing of ion
  channels. If we adopt the picture below, which
  de correctly describes n, the of open channels?
• dn/dt an(V)(n)-bn(V)(1-n)
• dn/dt an(V)(1-n)-bn(V)(n)

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dn/dt an(V)(1-n)-bn(V)(n)
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Ion Channel Conductance

• Potassium channels
• gK36n4
• 4 open n gates which work together
• n is a time dependent probability that any one
  gate is open
• a,b ? voltage dependent rate constants
• dn/dt an(V)(1-n)-bn(V)(n)

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Question 8 15 Bonus Point

• In 2003, what percentage of the worlds deaths
  were due to cardiovascular disease?
• 66
• 50
• 40
• 33

50/50
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Question 8 15 Bonus Point

• In 2003, what percentage of the worlds deaths
  were due to cardiovascular disease?
• 50
• 33

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33 percent
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Global Burden-Cardiovascular Disease

• In 1999
• CVD contributed to a third of global deaths
• In 2003
• 16.7 million deaths due to CVD
• By 2010
• CVD is estimated to be the leading cause of death
  in developing countries

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Question 9 20 Bonus Points

• At the venous side of a capillary, what is the
  magnitude and direction of the net pressure
  gradient of water flow?
• 10 mm Hg, favoring absorption
• 10 mm Hg, favoring filtration
• 7 mm Hg, favoring absorption
• 25 mm Hg, favoring absorption

50/50
Next qualifying round
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Question 9 20 Bonus Points

• At the venous side of a capillary, what is the
  magnitude and direction of the net pressure
  gradient of water flow?
• 10 mm Hg, favoring absorption
• 7 mm Hg, favoring absorption

Next qualifying round
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10 mm Hg, favoring absorption
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Capillary Exchange

• Net pressure
• NP Hydrostatic press. grad. Colloid osmotic
  press. grad.
• NP (Pcap PIF) - (Pcap-PIF)
• Pcap decreases along length of caps
• PIF very low
• Pcap 25 mm Hg
• PIF 0
• Arterial side
• NP 32 25 7 mm Hg ? Filtration
• Venous side
• NP 15 25 -10 mm Hg ? Absorption
• Filtration gt Absorption
• Bulk flow 3 L/day
• How do we get this fluid back?

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Question 10 100 Bonus Points

• In the movie Star Wars episode IV, when the
  Stormtrooper finds the droid part ("Look sir!
  Droids!"), what piece was it and who was it from?
• A metal O-ring from C-3PO's left knee joint
• A metal O-ring from C-3POs right knee joint
• A metal O-ring from C-3POs left elbow joint
• A metal O-ring from C-3POs right elbow joint

50/50
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Question 10 100 Bonus Points

• Many patients with heart failure exhibit dyspnea.
  Why does this occur?
• Heart can't pump enough blood to meet needs of
  tissues. Body diverts blood away from less vital
  organs and sends it to heart brain.
• Changing levels of blood substances, such as
  sodium, can cause confusion, breathlessness
• Blood "backs up" in pulmonary veins because the
  heart can't keep up with the supply. Causes fluid
  to leak into lungs.
• To "make up for" loss in pumping capacity, heart
  beats faster. Blood travels through lungs more
  rapidly and cant pick up as much oxygen.

50/50
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Question 10 100 Bonus Points

• Many patients with heart failure exhibit dyspnea.
  Why does this occur?
• Heart can't pump enough blood to meet needs of
  tissues. Body diverts blood away from less vital
  organs and sends it to heart brain.
• Blood "backs up" in pulmonary veins because the
  heart can't keep up with the supply. Causes fluid
  to leak into lungs.

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Blood "backs up" in pulmonary veins because the
heart can't keep up with the supply. Causes fluid
to leak into lungs.
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Symptoms of Heart Failure
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Symptoms of Heart Failure
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Qualifying Question 2

• Label the following structures
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E

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Qualifying Answer 2

• Label the following structures
• A Carbohydrate
• B Membrane
  spanning protein
• C Associated
  protein
• D Cholesterol
• E Phospholipid

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• Figure 5-2
• Figure 5-4
• Figure 5-5

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Question 1 1 Bonus Point

• The most important model in all of physiologic
  literature is the
• The GHK equation
• Hodgkin Huxley model
• The cable equation
• The Kortum continuum

Next qualifying round
50/50
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Question 1 1 Bonus Point

• The most important model in all of physiologic
  literature is the
• Hodgkin Huxley model
• The Kortum continuum

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Hodgkin Huxley Model
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Hodgkin-Huxley Model

• Hodgkin and Huxley
• Developed first quantitative model of propagation
  of electrical signal down giant squid axon
• Most important model in all of physiologic
  literature

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Question 2 2 Bonus Points

• At which point on the figure does the mitral
  valve close?
• A
• B
• C
• D

Next qualifying round
50/50
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Question 2 2 Bonus Points

• At which point on the figure does the mitral
  valve close?
• A
• B

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B
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Fig 14.26 Left ventricular pressure-volume
changes during one cardiac cycle Silverthorn 2nd
Ed
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Question 3 3 Bonus Points

• Which of the following mechanisms of transport
  across the cell membrane does not require energy
  beyond that associated with molecular motion?
• Active Transport
• Facilitated Diffusion
• Exocytosis
• Endocytosis

Next qualifying round
50/50
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Question 3 3 Bonus Points

• Which of the following mechanisms of transport
  across the cell membrane does not require energy
  beyond that associated with molecular motion?
• Facilitated Diffusion
• Exocytosis

Next qualifying round
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Movement Across Membranes

• Diffusion
• Small and lipophilic molecules
• Lipids, steroids, H2O, ions, urea
• Facilitated Diffusion
• Transport by a carrier protein
• Glucose
• Active Transport
• Exocytosis, Endocytosis, Phagocytosis

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Question 4 4 Bonus Points

• What is the mean pulse pressure in the veins?
• 20 mm Hg
• 40 mm Hg
• 120 mm Hg/80 mm Hg
• 0 mm Hg

50/50
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Question 4 4 Bonus Points

• What is the mean pulse pressure in the veins?
• 40 mm Hg
• 0 mm Hg

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0 mm Hg
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(No Transcript)
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Question 5 5 Bonus Points

• What is the most common form of MS?
• Relapsing-remitting MS
• Secondary progressive MS
• Primary progressive MS
• Progressing relapsing MS

Next qualifying round
50/50
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Question 5 5 Bonus Points

• What is the most common form of MS?
• Relapsing-remitting MS
• Secondary progressive MS

Next qualifying round
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Secondary progressive MS
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Course

• Clinical course is highly variable
• Four general courses of disease (Figure 376-1)
• Relapsing-remitting MS
• Attacks generally evolve over days to weeks
• Followed by complete or partial within weeks to
  months
• No progression of neurologic impairment between
  attacks
• Secondary progressive MS (most common form)
• Progression between attacks
• May begin shortly after disease onset of delayed
  for years or decades
• Primary progressive MS
• No distinct relapses between attacks
• Affects less than 15 of all MS patients
• Progressing relapsing MS
• Rare

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Question 6 6 Bonus Points

• Which of the following is not a step in the
  aerobic metabolism of glucose?
• Citric acid cycle
• Glycolysis
• Anabolism
• Electron transport chain

Next qualifying round
50/50
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Question 6 6 Bonus Points

• Which of the following is not a step in the
  aerobic metabolism of glucose?
• Anabolism
• Electron transport chain

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• Anabolism

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Biochemical Reactions

• Metabolism
• Collection of chemical reactions in the body
• These reactions
• Extract energy from nutrient biomolecules
• Synthesize or break down molecules
• Catabolism
• Produce energy by breaking down large
  biomolecules
• Anabolism
• Consume energy by synthesizing large biomolecules

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Fig 4.21 Overview of aerobic pathways for ATP
production Silverthorn 2nd Ed
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Question 7 10 Bonus Points

• Which of the following structures represents
  NADH?

Next qualifying round
50/50
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Question 7 10 Bonus Points

• Which of the following structures represents
  NADH?

Next qualifying round
86

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Biochemical Energetics

• ATP
• ATP serves as carrier of energy
• Complex biomolecules serve as energy reservoirs
• ATP H20 ? ADP Pi H energy
• 3 phosphates have negative charge
• Requires energy to overcome Coulombic repulsion
• 7-12 kCal/mole of ATP

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Biochemical Energetics

• Oxidation Reduction reactions
• NADH H 1/2O2 ? NAD H20 energy
• Reduced form ? Oxidized form energy
• 52 kCal/mole
• FADH2 1/2O2 ? FAD2 H20 energy
• Reduced form ? Oxidized form energy

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Question 8 15 Bonus Points

• The EKG below shows what abnormality?
• Atrial flutter
• Sinus tachycardia
• AV node block
• SA node block

Next qualifying round
50/50
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Question 8 15 Bonus Points

• The EKG below shows what abnormality?
• AV node block
• SA node block

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AV Node Block
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Interpretation of Vector EKG

• Blocks
• SA node block
• Missed beat
• AV node block
• Primary PR int gt 0.2 s
• Secondary more than 1 P wave before each QRS
• Tertiary complete dissociation between P waves
  and QRS complexes

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AV Node Block
http//www.ecglibrary.com/chb4.html
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Question 9 20 Bonus Points

• Two classes of proteins form the cell cycle
  control system cyclins and cyclin dependent
  kinases (Cdks). Which statement does NOT
  accurately describe cell cycle control?
• Cdk levels fluctuate throughout cell cycle
• Cdks are not active unless tightly bound to
  cyclins
• Cyclins bind to Cdk molecules and control their
  ability to phosphorylate target proteins
• Cyclins undergo cycle of synthesis and
  degradation with each cell cycle

50/50
Next qualifying round
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Question 9 20 Bonus points

• Two classes of proteins form the cell cycle
  control system cyclins and cyclin dependent
  kinases (Cdks). Which statement does NOT
  accurately describe cell cycle control?
• Cdk levels fluctuate throughout cell cycle
• Cdks are not active unless tightly bound to
  cyclins

Next qualifying round
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Question 9 20 Bonus Points

• Cdk levels fluctuate throughout cell cycle

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G1 Checkpoint

• Cell determines if all systems are ready for S
  phase and DNA duplication
• 2 classes of proteins form cell cycle control
  system
• Cyclin dependent protein kinases (Cdk)
• Levels are constant throughout simplest cell
  cycles
• Not active unless they are tightly bound to
  cyclins
• Cyclins
• Bind to Cdk molecules and control their ability
  to phosphorylate target proteins
• Undergo cycle of synthesis and degradation with
  each cell cycle
• Cyclin-Cdk complexes
• Induce a variety of downstream events by
  phosphorylating selected proteins

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Question 10 100 Bonus Points

• On the NBC series Friends, how many sisters does
  Joey have?
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7

50/50
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Question 10 100 Bonus Points

• Which of the following is a cause for heightened
  EGFR activity?
• Decrease in the concentration of the ligand
  around the cell
• Receptor mutation
• Decrease in receptor numbers
• Increase in receptor turnover

Next qualifying round
50/50
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Question 10 100 Bonus Points

• Which of the following is a cause for heightened
  EGFR activity?
• Receptor mutation
• Increase in receptor turnover

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Receptor Mutation
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EGFR

• Transmembrane receptor
• Extracellular ligand-binding domain
• Helical transmembrane domain
• Intracellular tyrosine kinase domain
• Activation of EGFR
• Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and other ligands
  bind to extracellular domain
• First step in a series of complex signalling
  pathways which take message to proliferate from
  cell membrane to genetic material within cell
  nucleus
• Heightened activity at the EGF receptor
• Can be caused by an increase in the concentration
  of ligand around cell, an increase in receptor
  numbers, a decrease in receptor turnover, or
  receptor mutation
• Leads to increase in the drive for the cell to
  replicate

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Qualifying Question 3

• List the steps in contraction and relaxation of a
  cardiac myocyte in the proper order
• Influx of calcium triggers release of calcium
  from SR
• Calcium transported back to SR with help of
  calcium ATPase
• Calcium enters cell
• Calcium binds to troponin to start contraction
• AP opens voltage gated calcium channels
• Calcium unbinds from troponin to start relaxation

106
Qualifying Answer 3

• List the steps in contraction and relaxation of a
  cardiac myocyte in the proper order
• AP opens voltage gated calcium channels
• Calcium enters cell
• Influx of calcium triggers release of calcium
  from SR
• Calcium binds to troponin to start contraction
• Calcium unbinds from troponin to start relaxation
• Calcium transported back to SR with help of
  calcium ATPase

107
Contraction in Cardiac Muscle

• Occurs via sliding filament movement as in
  skeletal muscle
• An AP is required to initiate contraction
• AP opens voltage gated calcium channels
• Calcium enters cell
• Influx of calcium triggers release of calcium
  from SR
• 90 of calcium required for calcium
• Binds to troponin to start contraction
• Relaxation occurs when calcium unbinds from
  troponin
• Calcium transported back to SR with help of
  calcium ATPase

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Fig 14.11 Role of calcium in cardiac muscle
contraction Silverthorn 2nd Ed
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Question 1 1 Bonus Point

• What are the components of blood?
• Plasma, red blood cells, platelets
• Plasma, red white blood cells, platelets
• Plasma, pluripotent cells
• Erythrocytes

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Question 1 1 Bonus Point

• What are the components of blood?
• Plasma, red white blood cells, platelets
• Plasma, pluripotent cells

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111
Plasma, red white blood cells, platelets
112

• Blood
• Plasma
• Cells
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
• Cells made in bone marrow from pluripotent
  hematopoeitic stem cells

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Question 2 2 Bonus Points

• Proteomes are analyzed by
• Systemic DNA sequencing
• Mass spectrometry
• Hybridization arrays
• NMR spectroscopy

Next qualifying round
50/50
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Question 2 2 Bonus Points

• Proteomes are analyzed by
• Mass spectrometry
• Hybridization arrays

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Mass spectrometry
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Goal of Proteomics

• Levels of protein expression do not always
  correlate with mRNA levels
• Identification of each protein
• Proteins are expressed at different levels,
  different times, different forms
• Post-translational modifications
• Types and sites
• Much more complex than genomics

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Proteomics

• Separation of individual proteins
• Identification by mass spectrometry

118
Question 3 3 Bonus Points

• How many electoral college votes does the state
  of Texas have?
• 28
• 32
• 34
• 35

Next qualifying round
50/50
119
Question 3 3 Bonus Points

• How many electoral college votes does the state
  of Texas have?
• 32
• 34

Next qualifying round
120
34
121
Question 4 4 Bonus Points

• What is the most common symptom of coronary
  artery disease?
• Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Heart attack
• High blood pressure

Next qualifying round
50/50
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Question 4 4 Bonus Points

• What is the most common symptom of coronary
  artery disease?
• Chest pain
• Heart attack

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Heart Attack
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Dr. Smalling
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Question 5 5 Bonus Points

• The AP shown was recorded from what type of cell
• Neuron in CNS
• Neuron in PNS
• Cardiac myocyte
• Skeletal muscle cell

Next qualifying round
50/50
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Question 5 5 Bonus Points

• The AP shown was recorded from what type of cell
• Neuron in PNS
• Cardiac myocyte

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127
Cardiac myocyte
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APs in Cardiac Muscle

• Myocardial contractile cells
• Similar to APs in neurons and skeletal muscle
• Rapid depol due to Na entry
• Steep repol due to K leaving
• Main difference Lengthening of AP due to calcium
  entry
• Stable resting potential of -90 mV
• Wave of depol comes in from neighboring cells via
  gap junctions

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Fig 14.14 Action potential of a cardiac
contractile cell Silverthorn 2nd Ed
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Question 6 6 Bonus Points

• Proteins are separated in 2D gel electrophoresis
  on what basis?
• MW (using PAGE) and charge (using pH gradients)
• MW using (PAGE) and tertiary structure (using pH
  gradients)
• Staining (using coomasie brilliant blue)
• Radioactivity (using gamma probes) and size
  (using PAGE)

Next qualifying round
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131
Question 6 6 Bonus Points

• Proteins are separated in 2D gel electrophoresis
  on what basis?
• MW (using PAGE) and charge (using pH gradients)
• Radioactivity (using gamma probes) and size
  (using PAGE)

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MW (using PAGE) charge (using pH gradients)
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2D Gel Electrophoresis

• First Dimension
• Isoelectric focusing with immobilized pH
  gradients
• Separate by charge
• Second Dimension
• SDS-PAGE
• Separate by MW
• Visualization
• Coomassie Blue
• Resolution
• 1,000-2,000 protein spots
• Not all spots are different proteins
• 588 spots were from same protein
• Many spots contain more than one protein (up to
  40)

134
Question 7 10 Bonus Points

• If these two leads are positive, the axis of the
  heart is normal.
• III and aVR
• I and aVF
• I and aVL
• II and aVR

50/50
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135
Question 7 10 Bonus Points

• If these two leads are positive, the axis of the
  heart is normal.
• I and aVF
• II and aVR

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I and aVF
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Interpretation of Vector EKG

• Scalar EKG
• Rate?
• Rhythm?
• Vector EKG
• Axis
• If I and aVF are positive, then axis is normal

138
Question 8 15 Bonus Points

• Which of the following sequences is a correct
  order for the progression of heart disease?
• Arteriosclerosis, ischemia, stroke, high blood
  pressure
• Heart failure, heart attack, stroke, ischemia
• High blood pressure high cholesterol,
  atherosclerosis, heart attack, heart failure
• Heart failure, stroke, high cholesterol, high
  blood pressure

Next qualifying round
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139
Question 8 15 Bonus Points

• Which of the following sequences is a correct
  order for the progression of heart disease?
• Arteriosclerosis, ischemia, stroke, high blood
  pressure
• High blood pressure high cholesterol,
  atherosclerosis, heart attack, heart failure

Next qualifying round
140
High blood pressure high cholesterol,
atherosclerosis, heart attack, heart failure
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Progression of Heart Disease
High Blood Pressure High Cholesterol Levels
Heart Failure
Atherosclerosis
Heart Attack
Ischemia
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Question 9 20 Bonus Points

• The cable equation describes the propagation of
  an action potential along an axon. Which of the
  following is the correct cable equation?

50/50
Next qualifying round
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Question 9 20 Bonus Points

• The cable equation describes the propagation of
  an action potential along an axon. Which of the
  following is the correct cable equation?

Next qualifying round
144

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Fig 3.6 Cellular Biophysics Electrical
Properties Weiss
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Derivation of Cable Equation

• Circuit diagram
• Step One
• KVL along inner/outer membrane
• Step Two
• KCL
• Cable Equation

147
Question 10 100 Bonus Points

• Who was the Survivor?
• Richard
• Kelly
• Susan
• Rudy

50/50
148
Question 10 10 Bonus Points

• In heart failure, the ejection fraction typically
  drops from a normal value of 60 to approximately
  15. If the heart rate remains constant at 80
  bpm, by what fraction does the end diastolic
  volume need to increase in order to maintain a
  cardiac output of 5 L/min?
• 10
• 60
• 200
• 350
• 400

Next qualifying round
50/50
149
Question 10 10 Bonus Points

• In heart failure, the ejection fraction typically
  drops from a normal value of 60 to approximately
  15. If the heart rate remains constant at 80
  bpm, by what fraction does the end diastolic
  volume need to increase in order to maintain a
  cardiac output of 5 L/min?
• 350
• 400

Next qualifying round
150

• 400

151

• CO HR x SV
• EF SV/EDV
• CO HR x (EF)(EDV)
• Normal
• 5L 80 bpm x (0.6)(EDV)
• EDV 0.1L
• Heart Failure
• 5L 80 bpm x (0.15)(EDV)
• EDV 0.4L
• 400 increase

152
Qualifying Round Four

• Put the following poems of the day in the order
  which they were read in class
• Forgetfulness
• Dharma
• Another Reason Why I Dont Keep a Gun in the
  House
• Child Development
• Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening

153
Qualifying Round Four Answer

• Put the following poems of the day in the order
  which they were read in class
• Forgetfulness
• Dharma
• Another Reason Why I Dont Keep a Gun in the
  House
• Child Development
• Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening

154
Question 1 1 Bonus Point

• When building a circuit model of the cell
  membrane, what is the electrical analog of ions
  moving in and out of the cell via ion channels?
• Charge
• Current
• Voltage
• Capacitance

50/50
155
Question 1 1 Bonus Point

• When building a circuit model of the cell
  membrane, what is the electrical analog of ions
  moving in and out of the cell via ion channels?
• Charge
• Current

156
Current
157
Physical Quantities

• Current, I
• Flow of charge, Q, from one region to another
• I dQ/dt
• Flow of small amount of charge, dQ, past a point
  in reference direction in time, dt
• Has magnitude and direction
• Positive current is flow of positive charge in
  reference direction
• Units
• 1 Amp 1 Coulomb/s
• Example
• Flow of ions into or out of a cell via ion
  channels or pumps

158
Question 2 2 Bonus Points

• What type of membrane protein is shown in the
  figure below?
• Channel protein
• Membrane associated protein
• Carrier protein
• Cyclin dependent kinase

50/50
159
Question 2 2 Bonus Points

• What type of membrane protein is shown in the
  figure below?
• Channel protein
• Carrier protein

160
Carrier Protein
161
Functions of Membrane Proteins

• Transporters
• Channel Proteins
• Create water filled passageways that link
  extracellular and intracellular compartments
• Allow rapid transport across membrane
• Carrier Proteins
• Bind to substrates they carry
• Never form direct connection between ICF ECF
• Open on one side or the other, but not both
• Allow more selective transport of larger
  molecules

162
(No Transcript)
163
Question 3 3 Bonus Points

• Which is not a capability of cancer?
• Limitless replicative potential
• Sustained angiogenesis
• Sensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
• Tissue metastasis

50/50
164
Question 3 3 Bonus Points

• Which is not a capability of cancer?
• Limitless replicative potential
• Sensitivity to growth inhibitory signals

165
Sensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
166
6 Capabilities of Cancers

• Self-sufficiency in growth signals
• Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
• Evasion of programmed cell death
• Limitless replicative potential
• Tissue invasion and metastasis
• Sustained angiogenesis

167
Question 4 4 Bonus Points

• Which type of blood vessel has the most smooth
  muscle?
• Artery
• Arteriole
• Venule
• Vein

50/50
168
Question 4 4 Bonus Points

• Which type of blood vessel has the most smooth
  muscle?
• Artery
• Vein

169
Artery
170
(No Transcript)
171
Question 5 5 Bonus Points

• What percentage of patients with newly diagnosed
  cancers present with metastases?
• 12
• 22
• 30
• 65

50/50
172
Question 5 5 Bonus Points

• What percentage of patients with newly diagnosed
  cancers present with metastases?
• 22
• 30

173
30
174
Metastasis

• Tumor implants that are discontinuous from the
  primary tumors
• 30 of newly diagnosed patients with solid tumors
  present with metastases
• How do cancers spread?
• Direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces (Ov
  CA)
• Lymphatic spread (carcinomas)
• Hematogenous spread (sarcomas)

175
Question 6 6 Bonus Points

• When pyruvate enters the mitochondria, it is
  converted into
• coenzyme A
• acetyl CoA
• Citrate
• citric acid
• pyrite

50/50
176
Question 6 6 Bonus Points

• When pyruvate enters the mitochondria, it is
  converted into
• acetyl CoA
• citric acid

177
acetyl CoA
178
Fig 4.21 Overview of aerobic pathways for ATP
production Silverthorn 2nd Ed
179
Fig 4.24 The citric acid cycle Silverthorn
2nd Ed
180
Question 7 10 Bonus Points

• In 1937 this was added to Sulfanilimide to make
  it easier for children to take. It was tested
  for appearance, taste, and fragrance but not
  toxicity. Within weeks many children had died.
  What was it?
• Turpentine
• Ethylene glycol
• Ethanol
• Ether

50/50
181
Question 7 10 Bonus Points

• In 1937 this was added to Sulfanilimide to make
  it easier for children to take. It was tested
  for appearance, taste, and fragrance but not
  toxicity. Within weeks many children had died.
  What was it?
• Ethylene glycol
• Ethanol

182
Ethylene glycol
183
History of Supplements

• 1937
• Sulfanilimide, antibiotic for streptococcal
  infections, used safely as a pill for years
• Most children cant swallow pills
• One company in Tennessee found they could
  dissolve drug in ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
• Tested for flavor, appearance, fragrance, NOT for
  toxicity
• Shipped it all over the country
• Within weeks, scores of children were dead

184
Question 8 15 Bonus Point

• Medical device classes were established by the
  device amendments to the FDC Act. Which class of
  medical device does this describe
• Not life sustaining, but must meet performance
  standards
• Examples include blood pressure monitors, guide
  wires
• Includes 60 of devices
• Class I
• Class II
• Class III
• Class IV

50/50
185
Question 8 15 Bonus Point

• Medical device classes were established by the
  device amendments to the FDC Act. Given the
  following description which class of medical
  device does this describe?
• Not life sustaining, but must meet performance
  standards
• Blood pressure monitors, Catheter guide wires
• 60 of devices
• Class II
• Class III

186
Class II
187
1976 Device amendments to FDC Act

• Three classes of devices
• Class I
• Pose least risk to patient
• Not life sustaining
• GMP, proper record keeping required
• 30 of devices
• X-ray film, tongue depressors, stethoscopes
• Class II
• Not life sustaining, but must meet performance
  standards
• Blood pressure monitors, Catheter guide wires
• 60 of devices
• Class III
• Pose greatest risk to patient
• For use in supporting or sustaining human life
• 10 of devices
• Stents, heart valves, LVADs
• Require GMP, failure modes analysis, animal
  tests, human clinical studies under IDE

188
Question 9 20 Bonus Points

• The cells responsible for the formation of myelin
  in the CNS are
• astrocytes
• Schwann cells
• Microglia
• oligodendrocytes
• myelinocytes

50/50
189
Question 9 20 Bonus Points

• The cells responsible for the formation of myelin
  in the CNS are
• astrocytes
• oligodendrocytes

190

• oligodendrocytes

191
Cells of the Nervous System

• Neurons
• Basic signaling units of nervous system
• Consist of
• Cell body
• Axons carry outgoing information
• Dendrites receive incoming signals
• Glial Cells
• Support cells
• Outnumber neurons by 10-50X
• Provide physical support for neural tissues
• Direct growth of neural tissue during repair and
  development
• Insulate axons creating myelin

192
Fig 8.6 Formation of myelin Silverthorn 2nd
Ed
193
Question 10 100 Bonus Points

• How many licks does it take to get to the center
  of a tootsie-pop?
• 1
• 2
• 3
• The world may never know

50/50
194
Question 10 100 Bonus Points

• During respiration, the presence of CO2 changes
  the oxygen binding properties of hemoglobin. This
  change is known as
• allosteric modulation
• competitive inhibition
• amplitude modulation
• covalent modulation
• hemoglobination

50/50
195
Question 10 100 Bonus Points

• During respiration, the presence of CO2 changes
  the oxygen binding properties of hemoglobin. This
  change is known as
• allosteric modulation
• competitive inhibition

196
Allosteric modulation
197
Final Exam Rules

• December 11th
• Comprehensive
• Designed for two hours
• Final Exam 9 am Noon
• Room Assignment ETC 2.108
• Can bring one 8.5 x 11 sheet with anything you
  want
• 4 function calculator provided No personal
  calculators
• TA Availability
• Regular office hours Appt.
• RRK Availability
• Office hours
• 11/30 2-3 pm, 12/2 2-3 pm, 12/8 1-2 pm, 12/9
  11-12 am, by appt.