Biological Chemistry

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Biological Chemistry
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Macromolecules

• Large organic molecules
• Basic Structure

POLYMERIZATION!
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Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates

• Monomers are called monosaccharides
• Primarily made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Only ratio 1 C 2 H 1 O
• C6H12O6

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Monosaccharides

• Glucose
• 3 isomers

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Disaccharides (dimer)

• Formed by a condensation reaction between two
  monosaccharides

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Disaccharides (dimer)

• Maltose glucose glucose
• malt sugar

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Disaccharides (dimer)

• Sucrose glucose fructose
• table sugar

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Disaccharides (dimer)

• Lactose glucose galactose
• milk sugar

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Polysaccharides

• Long chains of monosaccharides

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Polysaccharides

• Cellulose long, unbranched
• structural material in plants ? wood!
• Cannot be digested by humans, but important in
  regularity by stimulating mucus production in
  intestines ?

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Polysaccharides

• Starch
• may be branched
• Food storage in plants
• Think of potatoes, rice, etc.

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Polysaccharides

• Glycogen
• similar to starch, but HIGHLY branched
• Food storage in animals

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Polysaccharides
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Lipids
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Lipids

• Nonpolar
• Examples
• Oils Cholesterol
• Fats
• Vital components in cell membranes
• Can form waterproof coatings on leaves, wool, and
  feathers

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Fatty Acids

• Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at
  one end

Charged end is hydrophilic
Nonpolar end is hydrophobic
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micelle
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Fatty Acids

• Saturated Fat (solid _at_ room temp)
• Full of hydrogen
• No double bonds within hydrocarbon chain
• Symmetric can pack more of these in a
  smaller area (bad fat!)
• Butter, lard, shortening

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Fatty Acids

• Saturated Fat (solid _at_ room temp)
• Too much of this type can increase risk of heart
  disease

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Fatty Acids

• Unsaturated Fat (liquid _at_ room temp)
• Not full of hydrogen
• Double bonds ? kinks
• good fats
• oils

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Triglycerides (Fats)

• 3 fatty acids glycerol
• Formed by condensation
• 3 H2O molecules can form from the formation of a
  fat molecule.

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Phospholipids

• Structural molecules ? contribute to shape of
  cell

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Steroids

• 4 ring structure
• Make up hormones
• Testosterone
• Progesterone
• Cholesterol

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