Oklahoma Master Gardeners

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Oklahoma Master Gardeners

• Basic Entomology for the Home and Landscape

Eric J. Rebek Dept. of Entomology and Plant
Pathology
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MG Questions and Answers

• How can I manage insect pests without
  insecticides?
• Why are my pine trees dying?
• Do some plants repel mosquitoes?
• Why doesnt this insecticide work?

?
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Keys to Insect Management
Know your landscape

• Know your adversary

Know your tools for control
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Know Your Landscape

• Preemptive gardening
• good first step in keeping many problems from
  ever occurring (i.e., preventative maintenance)
• proper plant material
• proper site identification
• proper fertility and watering
• overall, good horticultural practices to maintain
  plant health

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Know Your Landscape

• Some insects are commonly associated with certain
  plants

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Know Your Landscape

• Some of these close associations create a
  nuisance for the home or landscape

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Know Your Landscape

• Location of materials in the landscape can affect
  potential pest problems

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Know Your Adversary

• Why Study BUG Science?

• Proper ID
• Associate injury symptoms with pest
• Selection of proper control strategy

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Classification of Japanese Beetle

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Arthropoda
• Class Insecta
• Order Coleoptera
• Family Scarabaeidae
• Genus Popillia
• Species japonica

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The Arthropods
Phylum Arthropoda (ahr thro pod a)

• The most abundant, diverse life form on the
  planet (3/4 of known animal species)
• Our chief competitor for food, and a major source
  of potential health problems and annoyance
• Most are NOT a problem for us

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The Arthropods

• 100,000 species in North America
• 1,000 species in a typical backyard
• Mostly beneficial or harmless
• Pollination
• Food for birds, fish, frogs, etc.
• Produce honey, wax, shellac, silk
• Less than 2 are pests
• Destroy food crops, ornamentals
• Attack humans, livestock, and pets
• Transmit disease

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Arthropod Diversity
Other arthropods
Other insects
Hemiptera
Diptera
Coleoptera
Hymenoptera
Lepidoptera
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What Is an Arthropod?
All arthropods have

• Skeleton on the outside of the body
• Distinct body segmentation
• Paired, jointed appendages
• Dorsal, tubular heart valves
• Double, ventral nerve chord
• Open circulatory system

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Classes of Arthropods

• Malacostraca (crayfish, lobsters, sowbugs
  pillbugs) ? crustaceans
• Arachnida (spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions)
• Chilopoda (centipedes)
• Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Insecta (true bugs, beetles, butterflies, wasps,
  fleas, grasshoppers, silverfish, etc.)

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The Arachnids
Class Arachnida (a-rach-nid-a)
Mite
Harvestman

• Two body regions (cephalothorax abdomen)
• No antennae, never winged
• 4 pairs of legs

Tick
Scorpion
Spider
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The Chilopods
Class Chilopoda (chi lo po da) Centipedes

• Two main body regions
• Flattened body
• 30 to 340 legs (1 pairper body segment)
• 1 pair antennae
• Predaceous, can be venomous

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The Diplopods
Class Diplopoda (dip lo po da) Millipedes

• 2 body regions
• Body generally rounded
• 1 pair of antennae
• 80-400 legs (2 pair per body segment)
• Feed on decaying organic matter
• Often coil when disturbed

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The Insects
Class Insecta (in sec ta)

• Beetles, wasps, butterflies, cicadas,
  grasshoppers, roaches

• 3 body regions (head thorax
  abdomen)
• 3 pairs of legs
• 1 pair of antennae
• 0, 1 or 2 pair of wings

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Insect Physiology 101
The insect body is made of a substance called
chitin it must be shed for the insect to grow
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Insect Growth

• Metamorphosis
• Series of changes an insect passes through in its
  growth and development
• Growth and development occur through the process
  of ecdysis (shedding the exoskeleton, or molting)
• Each molt allows insect to get bigger, change
  shape, and mature

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Insect Growth

• Ametabolous Growth
• Increase in size, but no changes in
  characteristics of the insect

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Insect Growth

• Ametabolous Growth
• Protura (Proturans)
• Diplura (Diplurans)
• Thysanura (Silverfish)
• Collembola (Springtails)

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Insect Growth

• Paurometabolous Development gradual
  metamorphosis
• Three life stages (egg, nymph, adult)
• Change in size, and addition of adult structures,
  such as reproductive organs, wings.

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Insect Growth

• Gradual Metamorphosis

• - Isoptera (Termites)
• Dermaptera (Earwigs)
• Phthiraptera (Lice)
• - Psocoptera (Booklice)
• - Zoraptera (Angel insects)

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Insect Growth

• Gradual Metamorphosis

• Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Roaches, Walkingsticks,
  Mantids)
• Thysanoptera (Thrips)
• - Hemiptera (True Bugs, Aphids, Scales,
  Leafhoppers, Plant Hoppers, Whiteflies)

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Insect Growth

• Hemimetabolous Development simple (incomplete)
  metamorphosis
• Three life stages (egg, naiad, adult)
• Immature stage is aquatic

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Insect Growth

• Incomplete Metamorphosis
• - Ephemeroptera (Mayfly)
• - Odonata (Dragonfly)
• - Plecoptera (Stonefly)

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Insect Growth

• Holometabolous Development complete
  metamorphosis
• Four life stages (egg, larva, pupa, adult)

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Insect Growth

• Complete Metamorphosis
• - Neuroptera (Lacewings)
• - Coleoptera (Beetles)
• - Mecoptera (Scorpionfly)
• - Lepidoptera (Butterfly)
• - Diptera (True Fly)
• - Siphonaptera (Flea)
• - Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees, Wasps)

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Insect Orders

• Insects can be grouped into orders quite easily
  with a bit of practice. Key in on the following
• Wing type and number
• Mouthparts
• Type of development
• Other body structures (legs, antennae, etc.)

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Insect Mouthparts
Chewing
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Insect Mouthparts
Chewing-lapping Sponging
Honeybee
House fly
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Insect Mouthparts
Piercing-sucking
Leafhopper
Stable Fly
Mosquito
Flea
Louse
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Insect Mouthparts
Siphoning Rasping
Thrips
Butterfly
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Insect Wings
Grasshopper - tegmina
True bug - hemelytra
Thrips fringed
Beetle - elytra
Wasp membranous
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Antennae
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Legs
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Major Groups of Insects

• Coleoptera ( sheath-winged) - Beetles

Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Hardened
wing covers (elytra) on adults, antennae are
various
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Major Groups of Insects

• Diptera ( two-winged) - Flies, gnats, mosquitoes

Complete metamorphosis Mouthparts various 1 pair
of membranous wings, and 1 pair of little knobs
called halteres ( hindwings)
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Major Groups of Insects

• Hemiptera ( half-winged) - True bugs

Gradual metamorphosis Piercing-sucking
mouthparts 2 pairs of wings with hemelytra (outer
wings) half membranous and half leathery
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Major Groups of Insects

• Hemiptera - Aphids, scales, whiteflies,
  leafhoppers, cicadas

Gradual metamorphosis Piercing-sucking
mouthparts 2 pairs of clear wings, some
wingless Some reproduce without males
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Major Groups of Insects

• Hymenoptera ( membrane-winged) - Ants, bees,
  wasps

Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Membrano
us wings
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Major Groups of Insects

• Lepidoptera ( scale-winged) - Butterflies,
  moths, skippers

Complete metamorphosis Siphoning mouthparts
(adult), chewing mouthparts (larva) 2 pairs of
wings with colored scales
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Major Groups of Insects

• Orthoptera ( straight-winged) - Grasshopper,
  cricket, praying mantis, walkingstick,
  cockroach

Gradual metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Outer
wings leathery, inner ones membranous
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Major Groups of Insects

• Neuroptera ( nerve-winged) - Lacewings,
  antlions, snakeflies, mantispids, dobsonflies

Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts
(adult), piercing mouthparts (larva) Membranous
wings with many veins Most are predaceous
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Major Groups of Insects

• Thysanoptera ( fringe-winged) thrips

Gradual metamorphosis Rasping-sucking
mouthparts 2 pairs of feathery wings