Infancy

1
Infancy Childhood

• Physical Social Development

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The Beginnings of Life The Newborn
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Infant Abilities

• Infants are born with immature visual system
• can detect movement and large objects
• Other senses function well on day 1
• will orient to sounds
• turn away from unpleasant odors
• prefer sweet to sour tastes
• Senses are keenly attuned to people, helping the
  infant quickly learn to differentiate between the
  mother and other humans.
• Born with a number of reflex behaviors

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Newborn and the Apgar Readings

• WatchTesting Competency In a Newborn Video 13
  from Worths Digital Media Archive for Psychology

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5
Infant Reflexes

• Reflex is an automatic, unlearned response
• Rootingturning the head and opening the mouth in
  the direction of a touch on the cheek. Child is
  looking for nourishment.
• Suckingsucking rhythmically in response to oral
  stimulation
• Graspingcurling the fingers around an object
• Babinskifanning and curling toes when foot is
  stroked
• Morothrowing the arms out, arching the back and
  bringing the arms together as if to hold onto
  something (in response to loud noise or sudden
  change in position of the head)

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Reflexes in the Newborn

• Watch Reflexes in the Newborn Video 14 from
  Worths Digital Media Archive for Psychology

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7
Newborn Reflexes

• Play Capabilities of the Newborn (359) Segment
  13 from The Mind Psychology Teaching Modules
  (2nd edition)

8
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
9
Infant, Toddler, Child

• Infant First year
• Toddler From about 1 year to 3 years of age
• Child Span between toddler and teen

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Infancy and Childhood The Developing Brain
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Neural Development

• At birth, the newborns brain is 25 of its adult
  weight its birth weight, by contrast, is 5 of
  its eventual adult weight
• By the end of infancy a babys brain will be 75
  of its adult weight but their body and height
  will be about 20
• Newborns enter the world with an estimated 100
  billion neurons. After birth, the brain continues
  to develop rapidly.
• The number of dendrites increases dramatically
  during the first two years of life.
• The axons of many neurons acquire myelin, the
  white, fatty covering that increases a neurons
  communication speed.

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Neural Development
13
Pruning Synaptic Connections

• By age 6, the childs brain is about 95 percent
  of its adult size
• Although overall brain size doesnt change during
  childhood and adolescence, dramatic changes in
  the number of interconnections occur
• Unused dendrites, synaptic connections, and
  neurons are discarded

14
Infancy and Childhood Motor Development
15
Maturation

• Biological growth processes that enable orderly
  changes in behavior

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Motor Development

• Includes all physical skills and muscular
  coordination
• The basic sequence of motor skill development
  during infancy is universal, but the average ages
  can be a little deceptive.
• Each infant has his or her own genetically
  programmed timetable of physical maturation and
  developmental readiness to master different motor
  skills.

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Motor Development
18
Motor Development

• Play Baby Body Sense (1100) Segment 24 from
  Scientific American Frontiers Video Collection
  for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition)

19
Social and Personality Development
20
Temperament

• A persons characteristic emotional reactivity
  and intensity
• A child might be
• An easy or slow to warm or difficult baby
• Temperament shown in infancy appears to carry
  through a persons life.
• Temperament has a genetic and biological basis,
  but that environmental experiences can modify a
  childs basic temperament.

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Temperament

• Easyadaptable, positive mood, regular habits
• Slow to warm uplow activity, somewhat slow to
  adapt, generally withdraw from new situations
• Difficultintense emotions, irritable, cry
  frequently
• Averageunable to classify (1/3 of all children)

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Temperament

• Play Bringing Up Monkeys (940) Segment 23
  from Scientific American Frontiers Video
  Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd
  edition)

23
Infant Attachment
Intense emotional bond between infant and
caregiver (mother)
24
Attachment Theory

• An infants ability to thrive physically and
  psychologically depends in part on the quality of
  attachment.
• Infants can form multiple attachments.

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Forms of Attachment

• Securely attachedexplores the room when mother
  is present, becomes upset and explores less when
  mother is not present, shows pleasure when mother
  returns

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Forms of Attachment

• Insecure Attachment - become extremely distressed
  when the mother leaves the room and, when
  reunited, are hard to soothe
• 2 Types of Insecure Attachment
• Avoidantly attacheda form of insecure attachment
  in which child avoids mother and acts coldly to
  her
• Anxious resistant attachmenta form of insecure
  attachment where the child remains close to
  mother and remains distressed despite her
  attempts to comfort

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Attachment

• Play Attachment (503) Segment 21 from
  Psychology The Human Experience

28
Ainsworths Strange Situation

• Mother-child dyads were observed in a playroom
  under four conditions
• initial mother-child interaction
• mother leaves infant alone in playroom
• friendly stranger enters playroom
• mother returns and greets child
• Study done with infants between 1 and 2 years old

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Strange-Situation Test

• Watch Morellis Strange-Situation Test Video
  17 from Worths Digital Media Archive for
  Psychology.

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window
30
Effects of Attachment

• Secure attachment predicts social competence.
• Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative
  outcome.
• A responsive environment helps most infants
  recover from attachment disruption.

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Attachment
32
Social Development

• Play Social Development in Infancy (644)
  Segment 15 from The Mind Psychology Teaching
  Modules (2nd edition)

33
Stranger Anxiety

• The fear of strangers an infant displays around 8
  months of age

34
Stranger Anxiety

• Insert Stranger Anxiety Video 16 from Worths
  Digital Media Archive for Psychology

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35
AttachmentHarry Harlows Monkey Experiments
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Attachment

• An emotional tie with another person resulting in
  seeking closeness
• Children develop strong attachments to their
  parents and caregivers.
• Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all
  contribute to attachment.

37
Harlows Study of Attachment

• Infant rhesus monkeys were placed with two
  surrogate mothers, one made of wire and one
  covered with soft cloth
• Milk-producing nipple was attached to either the
  wire or the cloth mother
• Attachment was based on contact comfort rather
  than feeding

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Harlows Monkeys
39
Harry Harlow

• The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth
  mother.

40
Harry Harlow
41
Harlows Studies

• Play Harlows studies on Dependency in Monkeys
  Video 12a from Worths Digital Media Archive for
  Psychology

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window
42
Harlows Studies

• Insert Harlows studies on Dependency in
  Monkeys Video 12b from Worths Digital Media
  Archive for Psychology

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window
43
Harlows Studies

• Insert Harlows studies on Dependency in
  Monkeys Video 12c from Worths Digital Media
  Archive for Psychology.

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window
44
Harlows Study
45
Familiarity Imprinting in Animals
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Familiarity

• Sense of contentment with that which is already
  known
• Infants are familiar with their parents and
  caregivers.

47
Imprinting and Critical Period

• A process by which certain animals, early in
  life, form attachments
• The imprinted behavior develops within a critical
  period--an optimal period when the organisms
  exposure to certain stimuli produce the imprinted
  behavior.
• Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting.

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Konrad Lorenz

• Studied imprinted behaviors
• Goslings are imprinted to follow the first large
  moving object they see.

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Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting
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Raising Psychologically Healthy Children

• Parenting Styles

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Responsiveness

• Responsive parents are aware of what their
  children are doing.
• Unresponsive parents ignore their
  children--helping only when they want to.

52
Baumrinds Parenting Styles

• Authoritarianvalue obedience and use a high
  degree of power assertion
• Authoritativeless concerned with obedience,
  greater use of induction
• Permissivemost tolerant, least likely to use
  discipline
• Neglectfulcompletely uninvolved

53
Basic Parenting Styles

• Parents with an authoritarian parenting style are
  demanding and unresponsive toward their
  childrens needs and wishes
• Parents with a permissive parenting style may be
  permissive-indulgent (extremely tolerant, not
  demanding, and responsive to their children) or
  permissive-indifferent (extremely tolerant, not
  demanding, and not responsive to their children).
  
• Parents with an authoritative parenting style set
  clear standards for their childrens behavior but
  are also responsive to their childrens needs and
  wishes

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Authoritarian Parenting

• Low in warmth
• Discipline is strict and sometimes physical.
• Communication high from parent to child and low
  from child to parent
• Maturity expectations are high.

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Permissive Parenting

• High in warmth but rarely discipline
• Communication is low from parent to child but
  high from child to parent.
• Expectations of maturity are low.

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Authoritative Parenting

• High in warmth with moderate discipline
• High in communication and negotiating
• Parents set and explain rules.
• Maturity expectations are moderate.

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Effects on Children

• Children of authoritarian parents are likely to
  be moody, unhappy, fearful, withdrawn,
  unspontaneous, and irritable this style promotes
  resentment and rebellion.
• Children of permissive parents tend to be more
  immature, impulsive, and aggressive, and they may
  never learn self-control
• Children of authoritative parents tend to be
  cheerful, socially competent, energetic, and
  friendly. They show high levels of self-esteem,
  self-reliance, and self-control

58
Suggestions for Being an Authoritative Parent

1. Let your children know that you love them.
2. Listen to your children.
3. Use induction to teach as you discipline.
4. Work with your childs temperamental qualities.
5. Understand your childs age-related cognitive
   abilities and limitations.
6. Dont expect perfection, and learn to go with the
   flow.

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Parenting Styles
60
Parental Influences

• Play Gender Development Social Influences
  (402) Module 3 from The Brain Teaching Modules
  (2nd edition)