INFANCY:

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Chapter 6

• INFANCY
• The development of emotional and social bonds

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Emotional Development
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The Role of Emotional Competence

• Emotion The physiological changes, subjective
  experiences and expressive behaviors that are
  involved in such feelings as love, joy, grief,
  and anger.

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Emotional Development in Infancy
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Social Referencing

• An inexperienced person relies on a more
  experienced persons interpretation of event to
  regulate subsequent behavior.

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Functions of Emotions

• Help humans survive and adapt to environment
• Guide and motivate human behavior
• Support communication with others

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Stages in Childrens Emotional Development

• Self-regulation and interest in world
• Falling in love
• Developing intentional communication
• Emergence of organized sense of self
• Creating emotional ideas
• Emotional thinking

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Stability of Emotional Expression

• Emotions and Cultural Norms

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Emotional Intelligence (Goleman)

• The ability to
• Motivate oneself
• Persist in the face of frustrations
• Control impulses
• Delay gratification
• Empathize, hope
• Regulate ones moods to keep distress from
  overwhelming ones ability to think

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Attachment

• An affectional bond that one individual forms for
  another and that endures cross time and space.

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What is the Course of Attachment?

• First stage arousal from all parts of
  environment
• Second stage indiscriminate attachment
• Third Stage specific attachment

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How Do Attachments Form?

• Ethological Adaptive for survival
• Learning Mother and baby are rewarded for
  closeness

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Who are the Objects of Attachment?

• Mother
• Father
• Grandparent
• Mother and another person

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What are the Functions of Attachment?

• Attachment behavioral system
• Fear-wariness behavioral system
• Affiliative behavioral system
• Exploratory behavioral system

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Temperament

• Refers to the relatively consistent, basic
  disposition that underlie and modulate much of a
  persons behavior.

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Individuality in Temperament

• Difficult babies
• Slow-to-warm-up babies
• Easy babies

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Theories of Personality Development
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The Psychoanalytic View (Freud)

• For healthy personalities
• 1. Breast-feeding
• 2. Prolonged period of nursing
• 3. Gradual weaning
• 4. On-demand nursing schedule
• 5. Delayed and patient potty training
• 6. Freedom from punishment

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Eriksons Psychosocial View

• Development of basic trust in others
• First social achievement willingness to let
  mother move out of sight.

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The Behavioral (Learning) View

• Concerned with outward display of emotions
• Rewards appropriate behaviors
• Extinguishes inappropriate behaviors

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The Cognitive View and Information Processing

• How children reason and solve problems
• Examine cognitive, information-processing
  mechanisms that link affect to thinking and
  behavior

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The Ecological View

• Environmental influences contribute to
  development

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Social Development
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The Changing Demographics of Childhood

• Increasing diversity of family structures
• More single parents

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The Art of Becoming Human

• Case studies of severe early deprivation
• Prolonged neglect, abuse, and isolation
• Abandonment and emotional-social deprivation
• Institutionalization and severe deprivation
• Reactive Attachment Disorder

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Early Relationships and Social Development

• Maternal Responsiveness and the Strange Situation
• Securely attached infants
• Insecure/avoidant infants
• Insecure/resistant infants
• Disorganized/disoriented infants
• Stranger Anxiety and Separation Anxiety

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Goodness of Fit

• Match between characteristics of infants and
  their families
• Good match optimal development
• Poor fit stormy household, maladaptive
  functioning

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Cultural Differences in Child Rearing

• Child-rearing practices differ from one society
  to another
• Greater contrast between industrialized and
  nonindustrialized countries
• Quality of caregivers sensitivity and emotional
  availability is critical

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Child Care for Infants and Toddlers
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Parent -Infant Interaction

• The mother as caretaker
• The father as caretaker
• Absentee fathers
• Good, Better, Best?

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Sibling-Infant Interaction

• Older siblings serve as models for younger
  siblings
• Many cultures require older siblings to care for
  younger siblings

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Grandparents and Extended Family Interaction

• Reasons American grandparents are caretakers
• drug abuse
• child abuse
• abandonment
• teenage pregnancy
• parent unable
• death of parent
• other

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Early Child-Care Practices

• Child Day-Care Centers
• Multiple Mothering

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Choosing a Child-Care Provider

• Interview Caregivers
• Visit the Center
• Ask Questions of the Center
• Check References
• Check the Licensing and/or Referral Program
• Choose Quality Care
• Stay Involved

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Children at Risk Effects of Poverty

• Child Neglect The absence of adequate social,
  emotional and physical care
• Child Abuse The non-accidental physical attack
  on or injury to children by individuals caring
  for them

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The Intergenerational Cycle of Violence

• Signs of Abuse and Maltreatment
• Bruises?
• Complaints of beatings?
• Child arrives early leaves late?
• Absent or late often?
• Behaviors that point to abuse?
• Neglect of dress, appearance, health?
• Breaking the Cycle of Violence