Infancy and Childhood

1
Chapter 3

• Infancy and Childhood

2
Physical, Perceptual and Language Development

• Developmental psychology - changes that occur as
  an individual matures
• Grasping reflex - infants clinging response to a
  touch (born with this)
• Rooting reflex - infants clinging response to a
  touch

3
Physical Develoment

• Avg. weight 7.5 lbs. (95 - 5.5-10 lbs)
• Maturation - the internally programmed growth of
  a child
• Figure 3.2 on page 64 shows average physical and
  motor development (raise head 2 months, walking
  12.1 months)
• Infants prefer to look at human faces and
  patterned materials
• Visual cliff - Depth perception (learned)
• very young crawlers would crawl right
• over the glass.

4
Development of language

• Is language learned or inborn?
• Language is easier early in life
• 1. Make signs
• 2. Learn the meaning of the signs
• 3. Grammar
• Telegraphic speech - verbal utterances of
  children, words are left out but you still know
  the meaning Daddy Fall Down
• Language chart p. 68
• 1 yr - baba, 2 yr - more ball, 3 yr - Dont go, 4
  yr -Why is Jenny crying, 5 yr - I see what you did

5
Section 2 - Cognitive and Emotional Development

• Cognitive Development - intellectual development
• Schema - mental representations of the world
• - needed for young kids to understand the
  world, or for anyone to understand a new
  concept
• Assimilation - try to fit a new object into the
  schema
• Accommodation - we change our schema to fit a new
  object
• (stacking a block example)
• Object permanence - something exists without
  being able to touch or see it

6
Sect. 2 continued

• Representational thought - picture something in
  the mind
• Conservation - quantity doesnt change when
  appearance does (cup example)
• Egocentric - young childs inability to
  understand another persons perspective
• Imprinting - Inherited tendencies or responses
  that are displayed by newborn animals when they
  encounter new stimuli (baby geese)
• Critical period - a time in development when
  skills are learned easily

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Jean Piaget - Stages of Cognitive Development

• 1 - Sensorimotor (Birth - 2)
• - smile, lift head, grasp, obtain desired
  objects
• 2. Preoperational (Age 2 - 7)
• acquiring language, creative play, cant
  tell the difference between real and imagination
• 3. Concrete Operational (Age 7 - 12)
• conversation, may have changed shape but
  still there, cause and effect
• 4. Formal operations (12 - adult)
• think abstract and scientifically, invision
  things, see risks and benefits, think logical and
  deduct things

8
Sect. 3 - Parenting Styles

• 4 types
• 1. Authoritarian
• 2. Permissive
• 3. Uninvolved
• 4. Democratic / authoritative - confident of
  their own values
• Positive features of 4
• Establish limits, warmth and support, assume
  responsibility gradually, children identify with
  parents

9
Sect. 3 continued

• Child abuse - 1999 3 million cases reported ( low
  birth weight / special needs)
• Socialization - learning rules of behavior for
  your culture
• boys v. girls (rules can be unclear)
• FREUD - stages of development
• 1. Oral stage (8-18 months)
• pleasure from mouth
• 2. Anal stage (11/2 - 3)
• functions of elimination , potty training
• 3. Phallic Stage (3 - 6 )
• pleasure from genitals , rival for parent of
  the opposite sex , identify with aggressor Boy
  father

10
Freud continued

• 4. Latency stage - 6 to puberty
• sublimination - sexual thoughts repressed,
  develops social and intellectual skills
• 5. Genital stage - puberty - adult
• sexual desires renewed
• build relationships