Moral and ethics.

1
Ethical considerations in the use of practices
employed to enhance performance.
2
Illegal erogenic practices
Ethical considerations
Nutritional and dietary enhancement procedures.
Medico- legal considerations
Diet and nutrition legal supplements and diet
manipulation
Training, performance and recovery
3
Nathan Brown
Did H.G.H play a role??
More importantly, should it ?
Before
After
4
Performance enhancement various substances,
chemical agents, or procedures designed to
provide an advantage in athletic performance.

• Legal
• Illegal
• (use a supportive news article here)

5
ERGOGENIC AIDS
Practices or substances legal or illegal that
improve performance.
A search on erogenic aids and athletic
performance will yield over 20,000 books and
related articles. For years there has been a race
to keep athletes breaking world records and
creating new physical abilities thorough an
individuals ability to train recover and perform.
6
The main players.

• Stimulants food groups / drugs that excite the
  CNS.
• Beta Blockers Chemicals / drugs used to slow
  the heart and prevent tremors.
• Narcotic analgesics used for masking pain
• Diuretics rapid weight loss.
• Anabolic agents Protein building agents.
• Peptide hormones promote muscle and bone
  development and mask the use of other illegal
  performance enhancing drugs.
• Blood Doping when red blood cells and increased
  either by blood infusion or erythropoietin (EPO)
  to increase the bodys oxygen-carrying capacity.

7
Since the 60s athletes have been attempting to
cheat the testers and systems to improve their
results and performances. Due to this he medical
commission of the IOC (International Olympic
Committee) did the first drug testing on Mexico
(1968). The first list of banned substances was
developed. The current list is expensive and can
be viewed at www.wada-ama.org.
8
W.A.D.A. (world anti doping agency) 1999.
Athletes continues to take illegal performance
enhancers. They very quickly learnt hoe to beat
the systems. Gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry where introduced and testing become
much more valid and hard to beat. The IOC then
developed comprehensive operating procedures and
standards for labs to ensure uniform drug
testing. There are 24 accredited labs.
9
Illegal performance enhancers.
See Nelson page 333 Table 14.1.
10
Ethical definitions

• Ethics Ethics offers conceptual tools to
  evaluate and guide moral decision making.
• Morality refer to a code of conduct that, given
  specified conditions, would be put forward by all
  rational persons.
• Moral standards Right is right and wrong is
  wrong!
• Ethical Dilemma A situation where a course of
  action or behaviour is unclear and where
  reasonable people cannot agree on what ought to
  be done or not done.

11
Performance enhancing practices.

• Legal
• Use of intravenous drips for rehydration.
• Use of local anaesthetics (pain killers).
• Injecting vitamin supplements.
• Caffeine.

• Illegal
• Use of performance enhancing drugs (EPO, hGH,
  anabolic steroids).
• Gene therapy and manipulation.

Wayne Judge 2005 ACHPER conference
12
Intravenous drips for rehydration.

• Recent high profile examples of use
• Justin Henin-Hardin (2003 Us open)
• Brisbane Lions AFL Club 2001

13
It was an incredible achievement considering
just hours earlier she lay exhausted on a bed in
the Flushing Meadows infirmary with an
intravenous drip in her arm, suffering cramps and
dehydration.
14
Ethical and moral concerns centre on the health
and hygiene risks associated with the practice,
and the negative perceptions associated with the
procedure.
Wayne Judge 2005 ACHPER conference
15
Local Anaesthetics (Pain killers)

• Recent high profile examples of use
• Brisbane Lions 2003 AFL grand final.
• Wide spread use in many sports.
• Used to mask pain so they can continue to
  participate in competition or training whilst
  injured.
• Must be administered according to WADA rules.

Wayne Judge 2005 ACHPER conference
16
Brisbane coach Leigh Matthews famously joked
after the 2003 premiership about the number of
painkilling injections administered before and
during the game.
Pain causes unclear Future plan for Aker
They used 18 vials of painkillers today. Usually,
they only use a couple."
He claims Dr Sando gave him "three or four
injections of local anaesthetic".
17
Pain Killers.

• Ethical issues of concern
• The risk of further injury and aggravation to the
  condition or injury of the athlete.
• How does it differ from the use of performance
  enhancing drugs which are banned?
• The issues of informed consent?
• Potential abuse when stakes are higher (E.G grand
  finals VS round 5 game.)

Wayne Judge 2005 ACHPER conference
18
Vitamin Injections.

• This practice is widespread in almost every
  professional sport.
• Used by athletes to to aid performance and assist
  recovery.
• This is not illegal and in fact endorsed by the
  AIS.

19
Vitamin Injections.

• Ethical issues
• The practice is unnecessary oral vitamin
  supplements can be used.
• The health and hygiene risks associated with
  injectables.
• The negative perception associated with the
  practice of injecting substances tarnishes the
  image of the sport.

Wayne Judge 2005 ACHPER conference
20
Lungs designed to saturate oxygen for endurance
running arms custom-built for golf, tennis,
baseball-pitching, or javelin-throwing knees
constructed for skiing sprinters, perhaps, with
cells cloned from cheetahs, and rugby-players
ditto. There is no end to the number of ways that
genetic engineering will enhance athletic
performance.
21
We will look back on Ben Johnson with his
anabolic steroid scandal and say thats like an
ancient rock painting compared to what we face
now with genetic engineering.
Dick Pound WADA chairman.
22
Gene Therapy cont

• This practice is banned under the WADA regulation
  BUT is virtually undetectable!!!
• Major ethical issues revolve around the yet
  unknown long term side effects and the notion of
  engineering an athlete.