WHAT IN THE WORLD IS ETHICS?

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WHAT IN THE WORLD IS ETHICS?

• N. Yasemin YALIM, MD. PhD
• Professor of Bioethics
• Ankara University School of Medicine

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PHILOSOPHY

• is love of wisdom and the search after
  knowledge, especially of the cause of natural
  phenomena, the facts or the truth of the
  universe, and the meaning of existence.
• It is the reflection of the human curiosity and
  desire for knowledge.

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AREAS OF STUDY IN PHILOSOPHY

• Ontology refers to the subject of existence. It
  consists of descriptions of the concepts and
  relationships that can exist for an agent or a
  community of agents.
• Epistemology is the theory of knowledge its
  definitions, varieties, sources, and limits.
• Aesthetics is the theory of beauty.
• Ethics is the study of moral values.

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MAIN ETHICAL QUESTIONS

• What is good and bad? How come they are
  possible?
• What is right and wrong? How come they are
  possible?
• Is there a universal and/or absolute good or
  bad?
• How can the human mind distinguish right from
  wrong?

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VALUE and VALUES

• Value is a criterion or a quality both desired
  and awarded.
• It is the special place of an entity amongst
  other entities of the same kind.
• Human Values are human facts realized by the
  work or lives of the mankind. They are the
  potentials of human ontology manifested by
  individuals.

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VALUES
Economical Values
Aesthetical Values
Moral (Ethical) Values
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MORAL VALUES
Personal Values
Professional Values
Cultural Values
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MORAL VALUES

• do not have concrete effects, like obtaining a
  practical result or hindering a necessity.
• Their effect depends on abstract factors, like
• emotional investments,
• beliefs and
• priorities.

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MORALITY

• Morals is the way that a person sets about
  achieving the values which (s)he seeks to express
  in a certain situation.
• Ethics means the theory of right and wrong
  conduct morality, its practice.

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MORAL DILEMMAS

• Valid evidence indicates that A is right.
• Valid evidence indicates that A is wrong.

DO A DONT DO A

• Valid evidence indicates that A is right.
• Valid evidence indicates that B is right.

DO A DO B
BUT
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SYSTEMATICAL ETHICAL REFLECTION

• Ethical Consciousness To perceive the ethical
  issue
• Ethical Sensitivity To decide to reflect on the
  issue
• Define the dilemma
• Collect the data necessary for evaluation
• List of possible actions
• Evaluate possible actions
• Decide what to do (Search for advice if
  necessary)
• Realize what you decide
• Re-evaluate your decision

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MAIN TARGET

• is to conduct an action which protects more of
  the values
• and
• sacrifices the least of the values
• Ioanna Kucuradi

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MORAL DEVELOPMENT(Kohlbergian Theory)

• Pre-conventional Level
• Conventional Level
• Post-Conventional Level
• (Moral Maturity)