PULMONARY SYSTEM

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PULMONARY SYSTEM
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PULMONARY VENTILATION

• AMBIENT AIR MOVES INTO AND EXCHANGES WITH THE AIR
  IN THE LUNGS

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PHASES OF RESPIRATION

• BREATHING-INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
• ATHLETES LEAN FORWARD TO FACILIATE BREATHING
• A) FACILITATE BLOOD FLOW TO HEART
• B) MINIMIZE ANTAGONISIC EFFECTS OF GRAVITY ON
  INSPIRATORY MUSCLES.
• EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

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• CIRCULATION
• INTERNAL RESPIRATION

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RESPIRATORY SURFACE

• WARM
• MOIST
• IN CONTACT WITH O2
• IN CONTACT WITH CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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ZONES

• CONDUCTING ZONE NOSE, MOUTH, TRACHEA, BRONCHIAL
  TUBES.
• RESPIRATORY ZONE-TRANSITIONAL ZONE
• BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLI, PULMONARY VEINS/ARTERIES,
  AND CAPILLARIES.
• LARGEST PORTION OF TOTAL LUNG VOLUME

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• STATIC LUNG VOLUME

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ALVEOLAR VENTILATION

• AMOUNT OF AIR THAT REACHES THE RESPIRATORY ZONE

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VITAL CAPACITY

• MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE EXHALED.

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TIDAL VOLUME(TV)

• AMOUNT OF AIR INHALED AND EXHALED IN A NORMAL
  BREATH.
• UP TO 1 LITER OF AIR PER BREATH

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INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

• AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE INHALED AFTER A NORMAL
  INHALATION
• UP TO 2.5 TO 3 LITERS

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EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

• AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE FORCEFULLY EXHALED
  AFTER A NORMAL EXHALATION
• UP TO 1-1.5 LITERS

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TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY

• VOLUME IN LUNGS AFTER MAXIMUM INSPIRATION

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FORCED VITAL CAPACITY

• MAXIMUM VOLUME EXPIRED AFTER MAXIMUM INSPIRATION.
• 4-5 LITERS IN MEN
• 3-4 LITERS IN WOMEN

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INSPIRATORY CAPACITY

• MAXIMUM VOLUME INSPIRED FOLLOWING TIDAL
  EXPIRATION.

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RESIDUAL LUNG VOLUME

• AMOUNT OF AIR REMAINING IN THE LUNGS AFTER A
  FORCEFUL EXHALATION
• BETWEEN 1-1.5 LITERS

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PARTS OF PULMONARY SYSTEM

• LUNGS
• 1- VOLUME IS 4-6 LITERS
• 2-WEIGHT- 1KG
• 3-SURFACE AREA CAN COVER HALF OF A TENNIS COURT
• 4-ONE SECOND OF MAX EXERCISE-APPROX ONE PINT OF
  BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH LUNG TISSUE/BLOOD VESSELS

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• ALVEOLI
• 1- APPROX 300 MILLION
• 2- GAS EXCHANGE
• 3- LARGEST BLOOD SUPPLY OF ANY ORGAN IN THE BODY

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• DYNAMIC LUNG VOLUME

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• TWO FACTORS OF DYNAMIC PULMONARY VENTILATION
• 1- VOLUME OF AIR BEING MOVED-STROKR VOLUME OF
  LUNGS
• 2- SPEED OF AIR MOVEMENT-BREATHING RATE

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MINUTE VENTILATION

• REST BREATHS PER MINUTE 12
• TIDAL VOLUME 0.5 LITERS PER BREATH
• VE BREATHING RATE x TIDAL VOLUME
• 6.0 LITERS/MINUTE

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• EXERCISE
• 35-45 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• ELITE-60-70 BREATHS PER MINUTE
• TIDAL VOLUME INCREASES TO 2 LITERS
• MINUTE VENTILATON CAN INCREASE UP TO 17 TIMES
  NORMAL

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DISRUPTIONS IN BREATHING PATTERNS

• DYSPNEA-SHORTNESS OF BREATH
• INCREASE IN ARTERIAL CO2
• MUSCLE FATIGUE

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• HYPERVENTILATION
• INCREASE IN VENTILATION THAT EXCEEDS THE OXYGEN
  NEEDS OF METABOLISM.
• OVERBREATHING
• EXCESSIVE CARBON DIOXIDE UNLOADING

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• VALSALVA MANEUVER
• FORCED EXHALATION AGAINST A CLOSED GLOTTIS
• RESISTANCE EXERCISES
• BLOOD PRESSURE RISES
• INFERIOR VENA CAVA BECOMES COMPRESSED-REDUCED
  VENOUS RETURN TO HEART

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COLD WEATHER EXERCISE

• COLD AIR NORMALLY DOES NOT POSE A RISK FOR
  DAMAGING TH RESPIRATORY PASSAGES.

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3 VARIABLES THAT EFFECT OXYGEN DELIVERY AND UPTAKE

• 1- oxygen concentration of the blood
• 2- amount of blood flow to working muscles
• 3- metabolic conditions

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• THE BODY MUST ADJUST TO THESR THREE VARIABLES TO
  ENSURE INCREASE OF OXYGEN DELIVERY TO WORKING
  MUSCLES.

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GAS EXCHANGE

• PARTIAL PRESSURE
• Percent concentration x total pressure of gas
  mixture
• Pressure force exerted by the gas molecules
  against the surfaces they encounter.
• Concentration amount of gas in a given volume.

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AMBIENT AIR

• AMBIENT AIR
• 21 OXYGEN
• 79 NITROGEN
• .03 CARBON DIOXIDE

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PARTIAL PRESSURE

• Measured in mmHg- due to fact that the pressure
  of the airs gas molecules rise the column of Hg
  to 760mm.
• PO2 152 mm Hg 209.3mL/L
• PN2 600 mm Hg 790.3mL/L
• PCO2 0.2 mm Hg 0.4mL/L

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TRACHEAL AIR

• PO2 149 mm Hg
• Has no effect on carbon dioxide or nitrogen.

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ALVEOLAR AIR

• Oxygen 14
• Nitrogen 80
• Carbon dioxide 5.5
• Water vapor

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PARTIAL PRESSURE

• PO2 103 mm Hg 145mL/L
• PN2 571 mm Hg 800mL/L
• PCO2 39 mm Hg 55mL/L
• Water vapor 47 mm Hg

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GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS

• 3 REASONS FOR DILUTION OF OXYGEN IN INSPIRED AIR
• A) water vapor saturates dry inspired air.
• B) oxygen continuously leaves alveolar air.
• C) carbon dioxide continuously enters alveolar
  air.

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OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD

• 1- physical solution-plasma
• 2- combined with hemoglobin

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CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE BLOOD

• 1- physical solution-plasma
• 2- loose combination with hemoglobin-
  carbaminohemoglobin
• HbNHCOOH
• 3- combines with water to form -bicarbonate ions.
  HCO3

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PULMONARY VENTILATION

• INCREASES LINEARLY WITH OXYGEN UPTAKE DURING
  LIGHT AND MODERATE EXERCISE.

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MAXIMUM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION

• Maximum amount of oxygen that can be used to
  produce ATP during exercise.
• HR X SV X (a-vo2 difference)

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WAYS TO TEST

• Continuous
• Discontinuous
• Varies from person to person.

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FACTORS THAT AFFECT MAXIMUM VO2

• EXERCISE MODE
• HEREDITY
• TRAINING STATE
• GENDER
• BODY COMPOSITION
• AGE