Unit 3 Musical Life

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Unit 3Musical Life
PART 2 SEVEN CENTURIES OF MUSIC

• 1000 1700
• Monty Python as Historian?

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Chapter 8 Harmony and Texture

• Between 1000 and 1700, European music went
• from ancient to modern.
• Trivia!!!
• Henry VIII of England owned seventy-four early
  flutes.
• Early music manuscripts came from monasteries
  scattered throughout Europe
• Today, we have many ways to hear and view music
  exactly as the creators intended

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Musical examples

• Just over 500 years separate the first and last
  of European musical examples presented in this
  chapter.
• First example an antiphon (a type of chant) by
  Hildegard von Bingen around 1150. Hildegard
• Last example operatic aria composed by Henry
  Purcell toward the end of the seventeenth
  century. Purcell

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• Hildegard, the abbess of a convent, composed her
  antiphon for performance by nuns during worship
• sole purpose was to worship God
• Opera is a fusion of music and drama
• purpose is to delight and entertain its
  
• audience
• Music evolved from compositions almost
  exclusively for church use, to a broad array of
  styles and genres

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• Music making became a profession
• Music as a form of paid entertainment expanded
  the growth of the music business throughout
  western Europe
• New technologies made it possible to create a
  variety of musical instruments and to print and
  publish musical compositions

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• Seven centuries between 1000 and 1700, span most
  of three major eras in Western Culture.
• Medieval
• Renaissance
• Early Baroque

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Musical Trends and Developments1000 - 1700

• Church was the sole repository of learning
• Texts were in Latin
• Music usually accompanied the Mass or singing of
  the Divine Office
• Secular music (non-sacred music) especially
  polyphonic texture, began to appear toward the
  end of the thirteenth century.

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• More simple secular styles emerged during
  fourteenth century in France and Italy.
• Used vernacular (everyday language of a
  particular region) rather than Latin
• Harmonice Musices Odhecaton - the first sheet
  music printed with movable type, is a book of
  chansons
• Chansons French secular songs

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Secular Vocal Music

• Flourished during the sixteenth century
• Ranged from solo songs and simple homophonic
  settings to Italian and English madrigals
• These madrigals often featured contrapuntal
  textures and expressive text settings of highly
  regarded poetry

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• The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth and
  early seventeenth centuries brought music making
  to ordinary churchgoers
• Martin Luther reintroduced congregational singing
  into worship services
• He composed several well-known hymns, many of
  which were inspired by the secular songs of the
  day.

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Ein Feste Burg ist unser Gott(A Mighty
Fortress is our God)
Mac Users click here
Polyphonic setting of Kyrie from Lhomme arme
mass
Listen to the contrast of style between the hymn
tune of Luther and the polyphonic setting of
Kyrie by Josquin.
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Polyphony and Tonality

• Evolving system of pitch organization
• Chant monophonic liturgical music
• Leonin and Perotin at Notre Dame Cathedral in
  Paris added a simple secondary part to a chant
  melody
• Organum this type of early polyphonic music

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• Composers added more parts and gave them greater
  independence
• Basic melodic part was called the tenor from the
  Latin word tenere, meaning to hold.
• By the fifteenth century, magnificent sacred
  works were being composed with four or more
  melodic parts woven together contrapuntally
• Songs with more than one part often had voices
  moving in similar or identical rhythm (homophonic
  texture)
• Heterophony musical texture in which two or
  more instruments play different versions of the
  melody (common practice in many folk traditions)

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Melody and Harmony

• Late Renaissance focus more on Harmony
• Predictable progressions, particularly at
  cadences
• By 1700, the major/minor system of harmonic
  organization had become common practice

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Instrumental Music

• Earliest date from the thirteenth Century first
  instances of music composed for specific
  instrument appear about a century later
• Composers and publishers favor vocal music
  through the Renaissance (The Golden Age of
  Acappella.)
• Modern orchestra first evolved in seventeenth
  century to accompany opera.

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• Instrumental music for large ensembles popular in
  later half of seventeenth century
• Dance music and independent works for listening
• Most important new genre was the concerto
• Concerto a multi-movement work composed for an
  orchestra of mainly strings and keyboard.

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Music as a Profession

• Rise of Middle Class and demand for secular music
• Earliest composers were clergy, and composing was
  part of their work
• Minstrels were among the first entertainers
• The Tale of Sir Robin
• Troubadours many from aristocratic birth
• Musicians formed guilds

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• Guild Musicians had professional standards for
  members
• Churches and courts retained singers and
  composers to provide music
• Professional musicians attached to church or
  court were still servants
• Josquin des Prez, a very esteemed musician in
  Europe, also performed tasks such as delivering
  hunting dogs for his master

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• Most music was copied by hand
• The church continued to be the
• primary musical patron

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By the End of the Seventeenth Century

• Musical life had begun to resemble that of our
  modern musical world
• Music printing
• Opera
• Top Singers were stars
• Composers enjoyed higher social status
• Reformation and rise of secular culture
• Economic growth
• Patronage System

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Top Composers of the time

• Claudio Monteverdi (1567 1643)
  
• First great composer of Opera
• When he moved from Cremona to Venice, he was
  accosted by highway robbers and left with only
  pocket change. He credited it as the low point
  of his life.
• Jean Baptiste Lully (1632 1713)
• Musical director for Louis XIV
• the foot-stabber
• Archangelo Corelli (1653 1713)
• Esteemed violinist and composer (but he
  didnt like to play the high notes because he
  thought they were screeching).

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Technology

• Two major areas related to music
• 1. Instrument making
• pipe organs
• harpsichords
• more modern orchestral instruments
• (especially violins)
• 2. Music Printing

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Musical Communication

• Larger, more diverse audiences
• Composers became more responsive to text
• Composers began to depict event and emotions in
  purely instrumental music
• Opera was public entertainment
• Music of middle and lower classes, music of
  aboriginal cultures, and music from outside of
  Europe is lesser known because it was not
  preserved in notation