Title: Unit Seven Machine Translation
1Unit Seven Machine Translation
Tongues of The Web
2?. Objectives
- Students will be able to
- 1.grasp the main idea and structure of the text
- 2.have a general idea of the latest development
of MT - 3.appreciate the writing skills employed in the
text - 4. conduct a series of activities skills
focused reading and writing - skills integrated speaking and listening
3II Time Allotment
periods content
1st 2nd Pre-reading While reading (Parts1-2)
3rd 4th While reading (Parts 3-4) Post reading
5th Practical exercise book IV Theme-Related Language learning tasks
4III. Pre-reading tasks
51. Ask students to answer some questions as
warm-up exercises
- a. Do you often surf on Internet?
- b.What do you usually do when you go on Internet?
-
62. Discuss in class what are the positive
aspects and negative aspects of surfing on
Internet?
73. Divide the whole class into two sides
(positive side and negative side) and hold a
debate
- Positive Side People should be encouraged to
go on Internet. - Negative Side Some restrictions should be made
to prevent people, especially university
students, from surfing on Internet. (Some words
for reference latest information, exchange,
different cultures, relaxation, erotic content,
virus, )
8IV. While-reading tasks
- 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
MT? - 2. What does the title of the text mean? Ask
several Ss to paraphrase it. - 3. T tells Ss some related background
information. - 4. T helps Ss analyze the organization of the
text. - 5. T explains some of the language points and
has Ss to prepare for the others. - 6. T asks Ss to paraphrase some difficult
language points.
9Cultural Notes
101). Rockefeller Foundation
- An Introduction of Rockefeller Foundation
- The year was 1913. The United States, as a
nation, was 137 years old. Woodrow Wilson was
inaugurated as the 28th president. The 16th
amendment was passed, creating the federal income
tax. Richard Nixon was born. Willa Cather
published O Pioneers! and John Singer Sargent
painted Portrait of Henry James. Vitamin A was
first isolated and Niels Bohr formulated his
theory of atomic structure. J. Pierpont Morgan
died, Grand Central Station opened, the
Philadelphia Athletics beat the New York
11- Giants in the World Series, and World War I was
imminent. And in 1913 the work of the
Rockefeller Foundation began. During the emerging
years, scientists and scholars worked to solve
many of the worlds and the countrys ills. Plagues
such as hookworm and malaria have been brought
under control food production for the hungry in
many parts of the world has been increased and
the mind, heart, and spirit have been lifted by
the work of Foundation-assisted artists, writers,
dancers, and composers. But other plagues
continue World hunger persists, particularly in
Africa, as the imbalance among food, health, and
growing populations threatens many countries, and
in America the problems of cities
12- and schools demand attention. The tasks of today
are as vital and daunting as they were when John
Davison Rockefellers foundation formally came
into being. His bent for philanthropy began early
in life. In his teens, from sums earned in his
first job, he allotted money for his Sunday
school and other activities of his Baptist
church. By 1860 Rockefellers philanthropy
included regular contributions to churches,
Sunday schools, and an orphanage.
13- As his personal wealth grew, Rockefellers
interest in philanthropy increased. He was
impressed in 1889 by an essay written by Andrew
Carnegie and titled The Gospel of Wealth. The day
is not far distant, Carnegie said, when the man
who dies leaving behind him millions of available
wealth, which was free for him to administer
during life, will pass away unwept, unhonored,
and unsung. Rockefeller wrote a letter to
Carnegie I would that more men of wealth were
doing as you are doing with your money but, be
assured, your example will bear fruits, and the
time will come when men of wealth will more
generally be willing to use it for the good of
others. In the same year 1889 Rockefeller began
his philanthropic work in
14- earnest, making the first of what would become
35 million in gifts, over a period of two
decades, to found the University of Chicago. In
1901 he established the Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research, now Rockefeller University. In
1903 he created the General Education Board at an
ultimate cost of 129 million to promote
education in the United States without
distinction of sex, race, or creed.
15- In 1909 he established the Rockefeller Sanitary
Commission for Eradication of Hookworm Disease to
cure and prevent the disease, particularly in the
southern United States. Rockefeller was prepared
to begin the Rockefeller Foundation in 1909, even
signing a deed of trust to turn over 72,569
shares of Standard Oil of New Jersey stock worth
50 million. But delays and difficulties in
seeking a federal charter for the Foundation,
desired by Rockefeller though never obtained,
resulted in a lapse until 1913, when the
Foundation was officially incorporated in the
state of New York. Since its inception the
Rockefeller Foundation has given more than 2
billion to thousands of grantees worldwide and
has assisted directly in the training of nearly
13,000 Rockefeller Foundation Fellows. In the
chronology that follows, we highlight the work of
these men and women who have brought the work of
the Rockefeller Foundation to life.
162). IBM IDC
- The character of a company -- the stamp it puts
on its products, services and the marketplace --
is shaped and defined over time. It evolves. It
deepens. It is expressed in an ever-changing
corporate culture, in transformational
strategies, and in new and compelling offerings
for customers. IBM's character has been formed
over nearly 100 years of doing business in the
field of information-handling. Nearly all of the
company's products were designed and developed to
record, process, communicate, store and retrieve
information -- from its first scales,
17- tabulators and clocks to today's powerful
computers and vast global networks. IBM helped
pioneer information technology over the years,
and it stands today at the forefront of a
worldwide industry that is revolutionizing the
way in which enterprises, organizations and
people operate and thrive. The pace of change in
that industry, of course, is accelerating, and
its scope and impact are widening. In these
pages, you can trace that change from the
earliest antecedents of IBM, to the most recent
developments. You can scan the entire IBM
continuum
18- from the 19th century to the 21st or pinpoint --
year-by year or decade-by-decade -- the key
events that have led to the IBM of today. We hope
that you enjoy this unique look back at the
highly textured history of the International
Business Machines Corporation.
19- This IDC study presents a competitive market map
for the business analytics (BA) software market
based on the end-of-year 2002 results. The market
map and its methodology are introduced as a tool
for evaluating the competitive positioning of
software vendors in an increasingly complex
market. Although we used end-of-year 2002 data
(the most recent available full-year data), this
study will be updated by the end of May 2004 with
full-year 2003 vendor performance results.
Therefore, the primary purpose of this study is
to introduce the tool and methodology in advance
of the 2003 full-year results. "The business
analytics software market continues to mature
20- and has attracted vendors from different segments
of the overall software market. To evaluate the
market landscape, IDC introduces the competitive
market map as a quantitative tool based on the
following four variables size, scope, momentum,
and dependence of business analytics software."
Dan Vesset, research manager, Analytics and Data
Warehousing
21Babel
- AltaVista - Babel Fish Translation
222. The structure of the text
- Part One Paras1-3
- Main idea An brief introduction to MT.
- Part Two Paras4-8
- Main ideaThe chronological development of MT
- Part Three Paras9-12
- Main idea The need for MT and its current state
233. Have Ss paraphrase some difficult sentences
- 1) Since its has suffered from exaggerated
claims and impossible expectations.(Para1) - 2) It does so because both the difficulty of
getting computers to understand human languages,
and the high expectations that must be met if MT
is to be taken seriously.(Para2)
244. T explains some key and active language
points
251). a short in the arm sth. that boosts ones
spirits or encourages, esp. in a difficult
situation
- Example
- The new measure taken by the government was a
real short in the arm for the local economy.
262). transmit pass along(news or information)
send an electronic signal, radio, television
broadcast, or disease etc.
- Examples
- Water transmits sound better than air.
- Insects can transmit disease.
- trans- This prefix means changing or moving.
27- transform ---- to change in form
- transplant ---- to move (a plant) from one place
and plant it in another - transport---- to carry (goods or people etc.)from
one place to another - transact---- to carry (a piece of business, etc.)
through to an agreement - transition---- to change or pass from one state,
subject or place to another
283). lay out plan in detail, provide (a detailed
plan or design) spread out or arrange
- Examples
- The architect laid out the interior of the
building. - His dinner jacket was already laid out on the
bed. - Some phases with lay
- lay down to put down (tools, arms etc.) begin
to build or state firmly - lay off to stop employing
29- lay over to make a short stay (usu. at an
airport) before continuing a journey - lay up (usu. Pass. ) to cause to be kept indoors
or in bed with an illness
304). be (well) along toward go in the direction
of, come near
- Example The talk is well along toward reaching
an agreement on the border dispute between the
two countries.
315). dry up disappear as if by draining or
cutting off a source of a supply
- Examples
- The streams dry up in the summer.
- The separation of many years has dried up their
intimacy.
326). revival the coming again into activity and
prominence (followed by of )
- Example
- There has been a revival of interest in the
fashions of the 1930s. - v. revive
337). spur urge or incite to act (used in the
patterns spur sth. spur (on) sb. to do sth.
spur sb. into sth./doing sth.
- Example
- He spurred on his team to try harder.
348). analysis (pl. analyses) work done to find
facts and solutions to problems
- Example
- The analysis of the samples on the murder spot
showed some valuable clues to the police. - v. analyze
359). databases a large collection of information
that is stored in a computer system in such a way
that it can easily be found by a computer user
- Examples
- We are linked to the online database at our head
office.
3610). output information or data produced by a
computer an amount produced or manufactured
- Examples
- The output of the factory this year is four times
that in 2000. - An assessment of the Welfare System would involve
careful study of its inputs and outputs.
3711). elaborate carefully worked out and rich in
detail very detailed and complicated
- Examples
- They are making the most elaborate preparations
for the wedding. - He came out with such an elaborate excuse that I
didn't quite believe him. - cf collaborate
3812). highlight v. emphasize, make important
- Examples
- The report on the accident highlights the need
for considerable improvements in safety. - Could you read through this for me and highlight
the important points?
39highlight n. the best or most exciting,
entertaining, orinteresting part
- Examples
- The highlight of our trip to New York was going
to the top of the Empire State Building. - Youll be able to see the highlights of the TV
series in a one-hour special on Christmas Day.
4013). scramble mix or throw together haphazardly
move or climb quickly but with difficulty,
often using the hands
- Examples
- We had scrambled eggs on toast for breakfast.
- She scrambled up the steep hillside and over the
rocks.
4114). whereas but compared with the fact that
- Example
- He must be about sixty, whereas his wife looks
about thirty.
4215). partial not complete or whole
- Examples
- He made a partial recovery, but he was never able
to walk properly after the accident. - Opp. impartial
435. T asks Ss to prepare the following words and
expressions in advance.
- 1) anonymous (n. anonymity)
- 2) storage
- 3) on the face of it
- 4) go back to
- 5) memorandum (memo)
- 6) automatic
44- 7) collaboration
- 8) better than none/nothing
- 9) multinational
- 10) intermediate
- 11) symbolic
- 12) plug
- 13) multiple
- 14) particle
456. Practice
- 1. Cholera is __________ through contaminated
water - A. transferred B. transmitted C. transported
D. transacted - 2. The company has signed (a) ________ of
understanding with a group of investors to sell
its steel operations. - A. memoirs B. memento C. memorial D.
memorandum - 3. Most of Manhattan is _________ in a grid
pattern with avenues of going north-south and
streets east-west. - A. laid down B. laid out C. laid off
D. laid up - 4.The two playwrights worked in close _________
with each other on the script. - A. operation B. colleague C. collaboration D.
connection
46- 5. With cheaper PC software and wider access to
the Internet , there has undoubtedly an _______
growth in the use of MT. - A.unprocessed B.unperceived
- C.unprecedented D. unperturbed
- 6. Recently there has been some __________ of
interest in ancient music. - A. revival B. revision C. reversion
D. reverse - 7. Many shops cut prices just before Christmas in
an attempt to ________ sales. - A. spurn B. spurt C. spur D. sputter
- 8. Radio Two plans to double its daily news ____
from next month. A. output B. outrage
C.outspread D. outcome - 9. He came out with such (a)n ____ excuse that I
didnt quite believe him. - A. cooperative B. elaborate C. collaborated
D. evaporated - 10. Its about time we ____ the organization of
this company.
47- A.demonstrated B.demoralized
- C.demotivated D.democratized
- 11. What the person does next is the result of
the ________ influences to which they have been
exposed. - A. multilingual B. multiple C. multilateral
D. multinational - 12. The report on the accident ___________ the
need for considerable improvements in safety. - A. highballs B. highlights C. hightails
D. hijacks - 13. He came to the party dressed in a yellow
suit and a pink bow tie, which caused great
________ among the other guests. - A. confusion B. congestion C. hilarity
D. enthusiasm - 14. Bad weather _________ the air schedule, and
a lot of passengers are allocated to hotels - around waiting for new information.
- A. bothered B. scrambled C. interfered
D. troubled - 15. He must be about sixty, ________ his wife
looks about thirty. A. whereas whereby C.
wherein D. whereupon
48- 16. The food decays easily. It is
important to store these ________ food in cool
places. - A. available B. breakable C. valuable
D. perishable - 17. ________ news coverage is quite hard to
find as quite a few news companies are financed
by particular interests. - A. Immoral B. Impartial C. Immortal D.
Impassive - 18. There is a wide __________ of opinions on
the question of unilateral disarmament. - A. diversity B. involvement C. database
D. analysis - 19. Ive wired up the stereo system, but I
havent _______ the speaker in yet. - A. placed B. inserted C. plugged D.
bolted - 20. A(n) _______ of seven years work revealed
errors and inconsistencies. - A. output B. analogy C. collaboration
D. analysis
49- 21. Very correctly, she was handing out the
polite but casual _____ due to a new neighbor who
had rendered her small service. - A. hostility B. hospitality C. submission
D. indifference - 22. Were linked to the online ________ at our
head office. - A. website B. database C. logo D.
datemark - 23. He is ______ one of the worlds finest
football players. - A. arguably B. unintentionally C. colloquially
D. partially - 24. She wouldnt give me the slightest ________
of information about what shed been doing. - A. part B. party C. particle D.
partition - 25. I didnt have much _______ into the
project, which resulted in bad consequences. - A. output B. input C. putout D.
putdown
50- 26. Environmentalists are doing everything
within their power to ______the impact of the oil
spill. - A. maximize B. minimize C. lower D.
miniaturize - 27. Their team _______ to the top of the League
after their three years efforts. - A. rocketed B. bolstered C. blustered
D. boomed - 28. English, maths and science are compulsory
for all students, but art and music are ________. - A. available B. acquirable C. optional
B. optical - 29. Dictators like him rarely go ________
without a fight. - A. back on B. for C. off D. down
- 30. This fundamental idea immediately found its
way into mans speech, which ____ became filled
with words and idioms expressing it. - A. henceforth B. nevertheless C.
whatsoever D. whereby - 31. What ________ do you use when judging the
quality of a students work? - A. standard B. norm C. appraisal D.
criterion
51- 32. As a revenge, the government has ordered
the immediate __________ of exports to that
country. - A. inspiration B. expiration C.
cancellation D. suspension - 33. Susans success in winning the first prize
________ the other girls jealousy and they
viciously spread a rnmor that she was cheating in
the exam. - A. concurred B. recurred C. incurred
D. occurred - 34. The computer program isnt ____ with this
operating system. - A. comparable B. compatible C. compactable
D. computable - 35. There is a growing ______ that this country
can no longer afford to be a nuclear power. - A. recognition B. acclamation C. evaluation D.
recommendation - 36. He sees himself as being _________ economic
reform. - A. on the face of B. well
above - C. well along toward D. in the
vanguard of - 37.The concert was a good one, but because of bad
__very few people came.A.publishing B.publicity
C. highlights D. advertiser
52- 38. There was much ____ before the family would
agree to my suggestion. - A. unanimity B. controversy C. conspiracy
D. anticipation - 39. You must ___ with the library rule, or else
you will be fined. - A. abide B. stick C. conform D.
comply - 40. No matter what the teacher said, he still __
tenaciously to his opinion. A. persisted B.
insisted C. clung D. persevered - 41.At the moment there is a (n) ____lack of
enthusiasm in her musical performance. - A. extinct B. instinct C. distinct D.
intact - 42.Congress is considering measures to ____the
sale of cigarettes. - A. restrict B. enchant C. promote D.
retract - 43.I know him well and have some___about the
truth of his story. - A. reservations B. conservations C. preservations
D. desperations - 44.The man standing over there is the composer
who will __________ the orchestra at tonights
concert. - A. control B. manipulate C. operate D.
conduct
53- 45. Do you think he is ________ in making that
remark? - A. reasoned B. rationalized C. justified
D. identified - 46. The constitution is no longer ________ as a
system of private rights and legislation is now
regarded as a dynamic, not an interpretative
process. - A. contrived B. conceived C. contracted
D. contributed - 47.The new job _______ selling and setting up
sale conferences. - A. retails B. entails C. details D.
pintails - 48. Half the people questioned said they were
opposed to military _______ in the civil war. - A. interference B. interpretation C. intrusion
D. intervention - 49. The campaign of violence and ____ against
them intensifies daily.A. intimation B.
intoxication C. intimidation D. intrusion - 50. His face _________ with bitterness and
rage. - A. contorted B. extorted C. presorted
D. retorted - 51.The missionaries____the teaching of
Christianity throughout the islands. A.
dispatched B.apprised C. discharged D. preached
54- 52. In buying an apartment, a difference of ten
cents in prices is _____. A. negligible B.
infallible C. doubtful D. innumerable - 53. Cheer up! It is stupid to ______ over the
lost opportunity all the time. A. rejoice B.
brood C. dwell D. conceive - 54. The lighting of the Olympic torch ________
peace and friendship among the nations of the
world. - A. expresses B. predicts C. means D.
symbolizes - 55. Two men _________ him with weapons and
forced him to give up his money. - A. blackmailed B. menaced C. conquered
D. eliminated - 56. Dont be so __________ to be taken by their
lies. - A. merciful B. malignant C. ingenuous
D. obscene - 57. There is no evidence to think that the
_________ that the phone call was made by the
defendant is correct. - A. resumption B. consumption C. supposition D.
consideration - 58. The dress will not __________ the years as
my velvet will. - A. stand up to B. live up to C. come up
to D. face up to - Key
55Keys
- 1-5 BDBCC 6-10 ACABD
11-15 BBCBA - 16-20 DBACA 21-25 BBACB 26-30
BACDA - 31-35 DDCBA 36-40 DBBAC 41-45
CAADC - 46-50 BBDCA 51-55 BABDB 56-58
CCA
564. Writing Skills Employed in the Text
- 1. How to write a chronological development of a
thing or an event.(pay attention to time
indicators) - 2. How to define a new term (e.g. use of
synonyms, examples, a list of items covered by
the term, or a list of items not covered by the
term), and ask Ss to work in pairs to locate and
appreciate the definitions for the following
terms in Text A MT(Para1), parallel
text(Para7), example-based MT system (Para7),
Babel Fish (Para 10), round-trip translation
(Para 10)
57V. Post- reading tasks
- 1. Have Ss do some after-text exercises
- 2. Check on Ss home reading of Text B
- 3. Guide Ss through Reading Strategy
- 4. Have Ss to prepare for the next
unita. Preview Text A of Unit 8b. Suggested
topic of Oral Presentation for Text A of Unit 8 - 5. Let students do some additional exercise
58The End