U.S. History I: to 1877

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U.S. History I to 1877
Chapter 1 When Old Worlds Collide Contact,
Conquest, Catastrophe
21 slides online 2 non-note images only
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• I. Peoples in Motion
• a) From Beringia to the Americas
• b) Extinction and Rise of Agriculture
• c) Explorers
• II. China and Islam
• a) China
• b) Islam
• III. Europeans
• a) Portugal
• b) Slave Trade
• c) European Exploration
• d) Columbus
• IV. Meso American Civilization
• a) Mayan
• b) Aztecs
• V. Urban Cultures of the Old Southwest
• a) Anastazi

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Chapter 1 When Old Worlds Collide Contact,
Conquest, Catastrophe
I. Peoples in Motion

• 5 different waves of immigrants

When did they come?
How did they get here? ice
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I. Peoples in Motion
a) From Beringia to the Americas

• 1st people from Beringia
• Hunters furs for clothing, meat for eating
• About 40,000 ya

Problem with the numbers
By 8,000 ya humans had reached the southern tip
of South America
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a) From Beringia to the Americas (cont)
1st Wave 14k ya spoke Amerind - forerunner of
Algonquin, Iroquoian, Siouan, Aztec, Mayan
2nd Wave 12k ya Spoke Na-Déné - forerunner of
Apache and Navajo
3rd Wave 7k ya Inuits - Aleut or Yupik
languages closest to original
b) Extinction and Rise of Agriculture
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With the development of the Clovis spearhead
about 9,000 ya
Advent of semi-permanent structures and
domestication of some animals (turkey, duck, dog)
Diet of those in the northern areas fish, game
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c) Explorers
Around 874 AD Vikings in Iceland
982-983 AD into Greenland Eric the Red
1000-1014 Greenland to Newfoundland and all the
way down into Maine Leif Ericson
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Europe was great but
CHINA was greater
Developed compass, gunpowder, paper money, silks,
teas
Ming Dynasty (1368 1644), China was often
neglected and through the isolation, developed
inwardly into a great civilization.
Until mid 1400s China sent out sailing
expeditions.
By mid-1400s, China again turned inward, closing
doors to the outside world. Forbid development
of ships that could sail far distances. China
closed itself off to the outside world!
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Besides Europe and China, there was also another
area of the world that was doing well, but would
begin to falter.
ISLAM Rising
I. Medical Science   II. Hospitals   III.
Pharmacology   IV. Industry   V. Geography   VI.
Chemistry   VII. Mathematics   VIII. Art   IX.
Mechanical Engineering
WATERMILLS WATER CLOCKS
WINDMILLS CANDLE CLOCKS
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By the 1400s, Arabs were a great sea people. By
1453 Ottomans were expanding and by mid-1500s,
Muslims had moved all the way up into Vienna. .
Problem was?

• Europe was still very fortunate while China and
  the Islamic world shut themselves off Europe
  advanced
• Technology
• Population
• Art, Renaissance, Architecture
• Military

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III. Europeans
a) Portugal
Bartholomeu Diaz Portugal 1486 Sailed around
Southern tip of Africa Vasco de
Gama Portugal 1497-1503 Reached India by sailing
arounds S.tip of Africa Amerigo
Vespucci Spain/Portugal 1497-1504 Explored
Eastern coast of SA

• First Europeans to
• interact with Arabs
• Become involved in the slave trade. Why did they
  go?
• Have superior navigation skills
• Large and superior navy

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Portuguese interest was primarily? Arabs as
Middlemen? By 15th century Portuguese out-paced
other Europeans in ship building. Also by
mid-15th century, began exploring African
coast. Late 15th century 1470s - Portugal began
colonization. As a result of their colonization
Portuguese farmers required labor supply. By
1450s on, Portuguese also found the trading in
human cargo to be lucrative thus began the
slave trade.
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b) Slave Trade
First fort built in 1448 to support cause of
slave trade Slaves were purchased from local
tribal leaders for as little as 5. Majority of
slaves were enslaved by Africans Slavery predated
Europeans, in Africa but form was
different. Portuguese and later other Europeans
exploited rivalries between tribal groups in
effort to secure slaves. Purchase of a pagan not
immoral.
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d)
Columbus

• From Genoa
• Served Portuguese
• Tried for many years to get funding for travel
• Intention was to reach?

Motives Religious Practical
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IV. Mesoamerican Civilizations

• a) Mayan
• Appeared around 100 AD, blooms between 600- 900
  AD
• Location Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, Honduras
• Primitive Agriculture
• King very powerful, theocratic
• Religion
• Inventions
• Ball game
• Mayan Hieroglyphics
• Mystery of Mayan Decline
• Decline about 9th 10th centuries
• Collapsed 10th century
• Final collapse - 1699

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• b) Aztecs
• Overthrew Toltec 1350
• Settled
• Lake Texcoco
• Tenochtitlán
• Confederation feudal
• Agricultural
• Exploration
• Warriors
• Similarity to Mayan sacrificial, agricultural

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• Politics and Society
• Monarch semi divine
• Commoners
• Calpulli -- kinship group
• Separate neighborhoods
• Often members performed a particular function
• Own temples and schools
• Farmland held in common
• Gender roles highly stratified
• Male children trained for war
• Women did the work at home, raised children, and
  wove textiles
• Women not equal to men

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• Religion and Culture
• Religion
• Huitzilopochtli
• Quetzalcoatl
• Fatalistic religion
• Human sacrifice
• Writing based on hieroglyphs

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• Destruction of Aztec Civilization
• Hernán Cortés, 1519, invasion of Mexico
• Moctezuma held captive
• Cortés was aided by native groups hostile to the
  Aztecs, especially the Tlaxcallans
• Defeat of the Aztecs
• Disease brought by the Europeans swept the
  population

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V. Urban Cultures of the Old Southwest

• Technology
• Earliest inhabitants used crude tools, rocks,
  scraping implements
• Many were nomadic, in numbers between 20-60
  (30-50)
• Agriculture more sedentary, roots, settlements,
  domesticated animals
• Farming
•     Mexico    Maize, beans, squash, tomatoes,
  pepper, avocados, cocoa
• SOCIAL/CULTURAL CHANGES DUE TO agriculture,
  farming
• -More permanent settlements could be erected,
  defended, and permitted storage of foods.
• -Improved health a bit, and permitted foods
  during winter when less available.

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a) Anastazi Southwest, 1st century, around area
of 4 corners states AZ, UT, NM, CO Developed
from pit houses to apartment type structures
called pueblos. Complexes centered around plazas
with circular underground KIVAS. FOOD Grew
maize, hunted meat w/bow and arrow (around 500
AD) LIVING AREA extended over a region in SW,
larger than CA today Developed roads, religious
temples, food stores, homes WARFARE Due to
pressure from invading groups (Athapascans) in
the 15th century, Anastazi moved to cliffs.