Fluke Anatomy

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Fluke Anatomy

• Lung Fluke
• paragonimus westermani
• Chinese Liver Fluke
• clonorchis sinensis
• Schistosomiasis
• Infect intestinal blood vessels
• swimmers itch

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Class Cestoda Tapeworms

• 7 different types common to humans
• Parasitic Infect intestines and absorb nutrients
• Leads to fatigue and infections
• Beef Tapeworm Taenia saginata
• Pork Tapeworm Taenia solium
• Dog Tapeworm Dipylidium caninum
• Some can grow up to 6 meters in length!

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Phylum Nematoda Round Worms

• Pseudocoelom
• Complete Digestive System
• Mouth, Intestine, Anus (alimentary canal)
• Separate Sexes
• Infections divided into two categories
• Egg is infective
• Larva is infective

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Egg is Infective

• Enterobius vermicularis
• Common Pinworm
• Spends life in human host
• Adult worms migrate from Sm. Int. to anus and
  deposit eggs
• Eggs ingested through contaminated bedding
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Intestinal Round worm of humans, pigs, and horses
• Eggs and adult worms excreted in feces and live
  in soil
• Larva migrate to lungs Cgh/Sw
• Can penetrate intestinal wall and emerge into
  body cavity

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Larva is Infective

• Hookworm Necatar americanus
• Lives in Small Intestine (sex repr)
• Eggs excreted in feces
• Larva penetrate hosts skin
• Blood?lungs?cough/swallo?Sm.Int.
• Trichinella spiralis Trichinosis
• Larvae eaten in cyst form
• Mature and reproduce in Sm. Int
• Larvae enter lymph and blood
• Migrate to muscles and encyst
• Pork and Bear Meat

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Phylum AnnelidaeSegmented Worms

• Most complex worms
• Circular and longitudinal muscles
• Three tissue layers
• True coelom Body cavity lined with mesoderm on
  both sides.
• Earthworms, leeches, many marine worms

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Leech, Earthworm, Marine worms
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EarthwormLumbricus terrestris

• External Anatomy

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Lumbricus terrestrisDigestion and Circulation

• Complete Digestive System tube-within-a-tube
• Mouth,Pharynx,Esophagus,Crop,Gizzard,Intestine,An
  us
• Closed Circulatory System Dorsal and ventral
  Blood vessel
• Five aortic arches

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Lumbricus terrestrisNervous system, Excretion,
Movement

• Anterior Ganglia with a ventral nerve cord.
• Skin receptors
• React to sounds and light
• One pair of Nephridia per segment
• Removes nitrogenous waste
• Setae, circular and longitudinal muscles for
  movement

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Lumbricus terrestrisRespiratory System

• Oxygen diffuses directly through the skin!
• Carbon Dioxide diffuses directly out!
• Respiratory surface must be moist!!!!

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Lumbricus terrestrisReproduction

• Hermaphroditic Mutual Exchange of Sperm
• Clitellum(31-37)
• Seminal vesicle
• (9,10,11) Store testes and sperm
• Seminal Receptacles (9,10) Receives sperm and
  stores it after copulation

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Phylum Molluscasoft bodied organisms

• Bilateral Symmetry
• True coelom
• Examples
• Snails, Slugs, Mussels, Oysters, Scallops,
• Squid, Octopi

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Squid, Clams, Octopus, Cuttlefish
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Major Parts of a Mollusk

• Head-Foot Contains mouth and sensory organs
• Foot Used to burrow in sand, move, dig creep,
  hold prey. Forms arm-like tentacles in squid etc.
• Radula Toothed organ used to tear and scrape
  food
• Visceral Mass Contains, digestive, excretory and
  reproductive organs
• Mantle Thin membrane that surrounds the visceral
  mass. Secretes shell.
• Mantle cavity The space between mantle and
  visceral mass that contains the respiratory
  organs
• Classified by type of shell

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Class Pelecypoda or Bivalviahatchet foot

• Clams, Oysters, Scallops
• Shell
• Tough Outer layer
• Inner Pearly layer
• Adductor muscles are used to open and close shell
• No head or radula

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The ClamDigestive System, Circulatory system

• Incurrent and excurrent siphon located posterior
  side
• Filter Feeders!
• Water with food moves across gills that contain
  mucus. Food is pushed into mouth.
• Complete Digestive System Mouth - Anus
• Open Circulatory System
• Three-chambered heart pumps blood randomly
  through clam using openings called sinuses .
  (percolates)

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The ClamReproduction and Excretion

• Excretion Nephridiopore and a kidney are used
  for excreting nitrogenous wastes.
• Reproduction Sexual and external. The larva is
  called a trocophore. Sexes are hard to
  distinguish.

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Class Gastropodastomach-foot /univalves
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Class CephalopodaHead-foot

• Most advanced mollusks Eyes form images
• Well developed head made of tentacles Move by
  Jet propulsion
• Closed circulatory system Well developed
  nervous
• Dioecious male and female
• Octopus 8 tentacle
• Squid 10 tentacle
• Nautilus 94 tentacles

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Phylum Echinodermataspiny-skinned
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Echinodermatageneral characteristics

• All Marine organisms
• Most advanced invertebrates (embryology)
• Radial Symmetry (penta-radial)

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Sea Star or Starfishcharacteristics

• Calcium Carbonate skeletal plates
• Tube Feet with suction cups
• Central disc where mouth is located (ventral
  surface)
• Digestion Uses tube feet to pull clams apart.
  Turns stomach inside out and slips it into the
  clam. Releases enzymes and sucks up the liquid
• Nervous system Simple nerve ring surrounds mouth
  and extends down each ray. Light sensitive eye
  spots at the end of each ray.
• Respiration Breathes through skin gills on
  surface.
• Movement Water vascular system. Ring and radial
  canal
• Reproduction External and sexual OR Asexual
  (regeneration)

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Phylum Arthropoda

• Jointed appendages Movable extensions of the
  body
• Segmented body Head, Thorax, Abdomen
• Outer skeleton Exoskeleton (chitin)
• Protein and carbohydrate
• Waxy outer layer water proofing
• Hard middle layer support/protection
• Inner layer flexible at joints for movement
• Exoskeleton must be shed. Molting

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• Long Dorsal Heart with sinuses
• Open circulatory system
• Anterior ganglia with 2 ventral nerve cords
• Respire using spiracles and tracheal tubes.
• Five major classes of Arthropods
• Class Insecta Flies, butterflies, beetles, bees
• Class Arachnidae Spiders, scorpion, mites, ticks
• Class Crustacea Crayfish, crabs, pillbugs,
  shrimp
• Class Diplopoda Millipedes
• Class Chilipoda Centipedes

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Class ArachnidaeSpider characteristics

• Two body segments
• Cephalothorax Fused Head and thorax
• Abdomen
• Chelicerae Fangs with poison glands
• Simple eyes Detect light
• Tracheal tubes, book lungs, and spiracles
• Sensory setae all over body
• Silk gland for web building and ballooning
• Complex courtship rituals Tapping, stroking,
  gifting

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Class CrustaceaCrayfish

• Cephalothorax
• Carapace Exoskeleton
• Dorsal brain, ventral nerve cord
• Feather-like gills attached to walking legs
• Open Circulatory System
• Ostia Pores where blood enters the heart
• Seven large arteries
• Complete Digestive System
• Green gland Used for excreting nitrogenous waste
• Seasonal Reproduction
• Internal Fertilization/External development
  (eggs)

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Class Insecta

• Excellent evolutionary success
• 3 Body segments
• Head Compound eyes, antennae,mouthparts
• Thorax 3 pair of legs, wings (if present)
• Abdomen Major organs. Spiracles
• Open Circulatory System
• Complete Digestive System
• Malpighian Tubules Excretion of nitrogenous
  waste. Dry Uric acid crystal. Why?

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Eight Orders of Insects

• Orthoptera Grasshoppers, Crickets
• Isoptera Termites
• Hemiptera True bugs, Squash bugs
• Homoptera Cicadas, aphids
• Diptera Flies, gnats, mosquitos
• Lepidoptera Butterflies, moths
• Hymenoptera Ants, bees, wasps
• Coleoptera Beetles, firelies, ladybugs

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GrasshopperExternal Anatomy
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GrasshopperInternal Anatomy
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Insect Metamorphosis