CHAPTER 12: Periodic Table

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CHAPTER 12 Periodic Table
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Early 1860s

• Scientists knew some of the properties of more
  than 60 elements that existed.
• BUT..they were not in any order.

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Demitri Mendeleev 1869

• Mendeleev was the first scientist to write the
  ________and ________ of each element on the an
  index card.
• He used properties such as _______, __________,
  and _______________.
• He then arranged the elements in order of
  _______________________.
• Mendeleev discovered a ________ __________that
  took place among the elements going from left to
  right across and up and down.

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Demitri Mendeleev 1869

• Periodic means happening at _______ ________,
  ___________.
• Example the days of the week.
• He left _______ or question marks for ________ or
  ______________ elements.
• Mendeleevs arrangement of elements became known
  as the ___________ ________ ___ _______________.

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Henry Moseley 1914

• Moseley a British scientist, determined the
  ________ ________ ( of protons) in an atom.
• _________ _______ is also arranged by _________
  ________ ________ or by increasing number of
  protons.
• __________ _____ the _________ ________and
  __________ properties of elements change
  periodically with the elements atomic numbers.

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Periodic Table

• A periodic table is an arrangement of ___________
  in columns, based on a set of ___________ that
  repeat from row to row. (page 338-339)

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• Periods are the ___________ in the periodic table
  (horizontal).
• Elements change from metals to ___________ as you
  move from left to right across the period.
• Groups/Families are the ________ on the periodic
  table. (vertical)
• Properties of elements repeat in a predictable
  way. (Periodic Law)

Group --?
Period ------------?
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Classes of elements

• Elements are classified as metals, metalloids,
  and nonmetals based on their ____________.
• Metals Start at the far ________ hand side and
  stop at the zigzag line.
• - Most elements are __________.
• - Most are _______ at room temperature.
• - The exception Mercury (Hg)
• - Metals tend to be shiny, luster.
• - Malleable hammered into thin sheets.
• - Good conductors of electricity/heat.
• - Ductile made into thin wires.

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Classes of elements

• Nonmetals Start at the far _______ hand side
  and stop at the zigzag line.
• - More than half are _______ at room
  temperature.
• - Nonmetals tend to be dull, lack luster.
• - Brittle will shatter if struck with a hard
  object.
• - Poor conductors of electricity/heat -
  insulator
• - Non-ductile cannot be drawn into wires.

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Classes of elements

• Metalloids elements that _________ the zigzag
  line.
• - Tend to have ____________ that are in between
  metals and nonmetals.
• - Called ____________________

Tellurium is shiny, but it is brittle and can
easily be smashed into a powder.
Boron is very brittle. At high temperatures it
is a good conductor of electricity/heat.
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Valence Electrons

• A Valence Electron is an electron that is in the
  highest occupied ________ ________ of an atom.
• Elements in a ________ have similar properties
  because they have the same number of valence
  electrons.

Group Valence Electrons
1A 1
2A 2
3A 3
4A 4
5A 5
6A 6
7A 7
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Alkali Metals family

• Group 1
• Most reactive metals
• Reactivity increases from the top to the bottom.
• Francium is the most reactive metal!
• So reactive many are kept under oil to prevent
  reacting with water or oxygen.
• Found in nature only in a compound.
• _______ Valence Electron
• Give away one valence electron and form _______
  in order to become stable.

Element Symbol Hyperlink
Lithium Li
Sodium Na
Potassium K
Rubidium Rb
Cesium Cs
Francium Fr
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Alkaline Earth Metals Family
Element Symbol Hyperlink
Beryllium Be
Magnesium Mg
Calcium Ca
Strontium Sr
Barium Ba
Radium Ra

• Group 2
• ___ Valence Electrons
• Give away ___ valence electrons and form 2 Ions
  in order to become stable.
• Less ______ than group 1.
• Magnesium used in photosynthesis.
• Calcium used in teeth and bone.

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Transition Metals

• Groups 3 12
• 1 or 2 valence electrons
• ______ _______ than alkaline earth metals
• Shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity.
• Their ________ vary widely.

Iron is very reactive and can react with oxygen
in the air to form rust.
Many are solids at room temp, except Mercury.
Many are silver in color except Gold.
Titanium not very reactive.
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Transition Metals

• Lanthanides and Actinides
• Transition metals from periods 6 and 7.
• Lanthanides are shiny reactive ______________.
• - Some of these elements are used to make steel.
• Actinides are radioactive, or _________.
• - Elements listed after Plutonium, element 94
  do not occur naturally in nature.

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Boron Family

• Group 13
• ____ Valence electrons
• Give away 3 valence electrons and form _______ in
  order to become stable.
• 1 metalloid (Boron)
• Five metals
• Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the
  Earths crust.

Element Symbol Hyperlink
Boron B
Aluminum Al
Gallium Ga
Indium In
Thallium Tl
Ununtrium Uut
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Carbon Family

• Group 14
• 4 Valence Electrons
• Can _______ ________ ____ or take 4 valence
  electrons and form /- 4 Ions in order to become
  stable.
• 1 Nonmetal
• 2 Metalloids
• 3 Metals
• With the exception of water, most of the
  compounds in your body contain carbon.

Element Symbol Hyperlink
Carbon C
Silicon Si
Germanium Ge
Tin Sn
Lead Pb
Ununquadium Uuq
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Nitrogen Family

• Group 15
• ___ Valence Electrons
• Take 3 valence electrons and form -3 Ions in
  order to become stable.
• 2 nonmetals
• 2 metalloids
• 2 Metals
• Nitrogen and Phosphorus are used in fertilizers.

Element Symbol Hyperlink
Nitrogen N
Phosphorus P
Arsenic As
Antimony Sb
Bismuth Bi
Ununpentium Uup
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Oxygen Family

• Group 16
• ___ Valence Electrons
• Take 2 valence electrons and forms -2 Ions in
  order to become stable.
• 3 nonmetals
• 1 metalloid
• 2 metal
• Oxygen is the most abundant element in the
  Earths Crust.

Element Symbol Hyperlink
Oxygen O
Sulfur S
Selenium Se
Tellurium Te
Polonium Po
Ununhexium Uuh
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Halogen Family
Element Symbol Hyperlink
Fluorine F
Chlorine Cl
Bromine Br
Iodine I
Astatine At
Ununspetium Uus

• Group 17
• ____ Valence electrons
• Take 1 valence electron and form -1 Ions in order
  to become stable.
• Most _________ nonmetals
• Reactivity increases from bottom to top.
• Fluorine is the most reactive nonmetal.

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Noble Gas Family

• Group 18
• ___ Valence Electrons
• Un-reactive (Do not form Ions) because they are
  _______.
• The Noble Gases are _______ and ___________.
• Used in light bulbs (Argon).
• Make balloons float (Helium).
• Used to make neon lights.

Element Symbol Hyperlink
Helium He
Neon Ne
Argon Ar
Krypton Kr
Xenon Xe
Radon Rn
Ununoctium Uuo