The Human Body

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The Human Body

• Chapter 15

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• After completing the lesson, students will be
  able to
• Identify the level of organization in the body
• Identify and describe the four basic types of
  tissue in the human body
• Define homeostasis and describe its importance to
  the body.

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VA SOL

• LS.1 The student will plan and conduct
  investigations in which
• b) variables are defined
• d) models are constructed to illustrate and
  explain phenomena
• i) interpretations from a set of data are
  evaluated and defended and
• LS.3 The student will investigate and understand
  that living things show patterns of cellular
  organization. Key concepts include
• a) cells, tissues, organs, and systems and
• b) life functions and processes of cells,
  tissues, organs, and systems (respiration,
  removal of wastes, growth, reproduction,
  digestion, and cellular transport).
• LS.5 The student will investigate and understand
  how organisms can be classified. Key concepts
  include
• c) the characteristics of the species.

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Organization of the Body

• Every _____ in the human body is both an
  ______ unit and an _________ part of a larger
  community the ______ _____.
• The Human Body is all about Teamwork!!

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Organization of the Body

• Every cell in the human body is both an
  independent unit and an interdependent part of a
  larger community the entire organism.
• The Human Body is all about Teamwork!!

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The human body is organized from _____ make
_______________ make _______ _____ make _____
______ _____ _______ make the _________
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The human body is organized from Cells make
tissuesTissues make organsOrgans make organ
systemsOrgan systems make the organism
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A ____ is a basic unit of ______ and __________
in living things.A ______ of _____ that perform
a ______ function is called a _____.
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A cell is a basic unit of structure and function
in living things.A group of cells that perform a
single function is called a tissue.
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Tissues

• The human body contains four basic types of
  tissue

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Tissues

• The human body contains four basic types of
  tissue muscle tissue, nerve tissue, connective
  tissue, and epithelial tissue.

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A _________ of different types of _________ that
work together to perform a _______ __________ is
called an _________.An ________ _______ is a
group of _________ that perform closely related
______________.
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A group of different types of tissues that work
together to perform a single function is called
an organ.An organ system is a group of organs
that perform closely related functions.
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The human body is divided into 11 organ systems
with specific jobs.

• The _____ ____ is divided into __ ______ _______
  with specific jobs.

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The human body is divided into 11 organ systems
with specific jobs.

• The human body is divided into 11 organ systems
  with specific jobs.

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Organ Systems in the Human Body

• Circulatory carries needed materials to the
  body cells carries wastes away from body cells
  helps fight disease.
• Digestive Takes food into the body, breaks food
  down, and absorbs the digestive materials.
• Endocrine Controls many body processes such
  as intake of sugar by cells by means of
  chemicals.
• Excretory Removes wastes.
• Immune Fights disease.
• Muscular Enables the body to move moves food
  through the digestive system keeps the heart
  beating.

• Nervous Detects and interprets information from
  the environment outside the body and from within
  the body controls most body functions.
• Reproductive Produces sex cells that can unite
  with other sex cells to create offspring
  controls male and female characteristics.
• Respiratory Takes oxygen into the body and
  eliminates carbon dioxide.
• Skeletal Supports the body, protects it, and
  works with muscles to allow movement makes blood
  cells and stores some materials.
• Skin Protects the body, keeps water inside the
  body, and helps regulate body temperature.

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The process of maintaining a controlled, stable
internal environment is called ____________.
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The process of maintaining a controlled, stable
internal environment is called homeostasis.
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All of the _________ work together in order to
maintain __________ for the organism.Maintaining
________includes Maintaining ______ _____,
_____ content, _________ (sweating and
shivering), etc.
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All of the systems work together in order to
maintain homeostasis for the organism.Maintaining
homeostasis includes Maintaining blood sugar,
salt content, temperature (sweating and
shivering), etc.
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• _________ is the reaction of your body and mind
  to threatening, challenging, or disturbing
  events. _______________ upsets homeostasis, and
  your body reacts in specific ways. The reactions
  caused by adrenaline are sometimes called the
  ___________________ response, because they
  prepare you either to __________ the stressor or
  to take ___________ and escape.

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• Stress is the reaction of your body and mind to
  threatening, challenging, or disturbing events.
  Stress upsets homeostasis, and your body reacts
  in specific ways. The reactions caused by
  adrenaline are sometimes called the
  fight-or-flight response, because they prepare
  you either to fight the stressor or to take
  flight and escape.

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The Nervous System

• The ______ ______ controls and coordinates
  functions throughout the body and ___________ to
  internal and external ______.

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The Nervous System

• The nervous system controls and coordinates
  functions throughout the body and responds to
  internal and external stimuli.

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Integumentary System

• The _____________ ________ serves as a barrier
  against ________ and _____, helps to regulate
  body ________, removes _______ products from the
  body, and provides protection against ___________
  ____________ from the sun.

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Integumentary System

• The Integumentary System serves as a barrier
  against infection and injury, helps to regulate
  body temperature, removes waste products from the
  body, and provides protection against ultraviolet
  radiation from the sun.

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Respiratory System

• The basic function performed by the human
  _________ _________ is remarkably _______ to
  bring about the _______ of oxygen and carbon
  dioxide between the blood, the air, and tissue.

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Respiratory System

• The basic function performed by the human
  respiratory system is remarkably simple to
  bring about the exchange of oxygen and carbon
  dioxide between the blood, the air, and tissue.

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Digestive System

• The ____________ _______ functions to help
  _______ foods into simpler molecules that can be
  _______ and used by the cells of the body.

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Digestive System

• The Digestive system functions to help convert
  foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed
  and used by the cells of the body.

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Excretory System

• The _______ play an important role in maintaining
  ________. They remove _______ products from the
  blood maintain blood ______ and regulate the
  water content of the blood and, therefore, blood
  _________.

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Excretory System

• The kidneys play an important role in maintaining
  homeostasis. They remove waste products from the
  blood maintain blood pH and regulate the water
  content of the blood and, therefore, blood volume.

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Skeletal System

• The ___________ ___________ the body, _________
  internal organs, ____________ for movement,
  stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for
  blood cell formation.

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Skeletal System

• The skeleton supports the body, protects internal
  organs, provides for movement, stores mineral
  reserves, and provides a site for blood cell
  formation.

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Muscular System

• There are _______ different types of muscle
  tissue _______, ______, and __________. Each
  type of muscle is ______________ for a specific
  function in the body.

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Muscular System

• There are three different types of muscle tissue
  skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Each type of
  muscle is specialized for a specific function in
  the body.

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Circulatory System

• The human _________ ______ consists of the _____,
  a series of _____ ________, and the _____ that
  flows through them.

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Circulatory System

• The human circulatory system consists of the
  heart, a series of blood vessels, and the blood
  that flows through them.

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Endocrine System

• The ___________ _________ is made up of ______
  that release their products into the
  ______________. These products deliver _________
  throughout the body.

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Endocrine System

• The endocrine system is made up of glands that
  release their products into the bloodstream.
  These products deliver messages throughout the
  body.

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Reproductive System

• The main function of the ______ ___________
  system is to produce and deliver _______. The
  main function of the _______ __________ system is
  to produce ____. In addition, the female
  reproductive system prepares the females body to
  _______ a developing _________.

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Reproductive System

• The main function of the male reproductive system
  is to produce and deliver sperm. The main
  function of the female reproductive system is to
  produce ova. In addition, the female
  reproductive system prepares the females body to
  nourish a developing embryo.

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Lymphatic/Immune System

• A __________ of vessels, nodes, and organs called
  the ________ _______ collects the fluid that is
  lost by the ______ and returns it back to the
  _________ system.

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Lymphatic/Immune System

• A network of vessels, nodes, and organs called
  the lymphatic system collects the fluid that is
  lost by the blood and returns it back to the
  circulatory system.

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Nervous System
Skeletal System
Muscle System
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Integumentary System
Endocrine System
Lymphatic/Immune System
Excretory System
Reproductive System
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Nervous System Brain, Spinal, Cord, Peripheral
Skeletal System Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Tendons
Muscle System Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac Muscle
Circulatory System Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels
Respiratory System Nose, trachea, Lungs
Digestive System Mouth, Esophogus, Stomach, Small Large Intestines
Integumentary System Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat and Oil Glands
Endocrine System Hypothalamus, Thyroid, Pancreas, Ovaries (Females), Testes (Males)
Lymphatic/Immune System White Blood Cells, Thymus, Spleen, Lymph Nodes
Excretory System Skin, Lungs, Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder
Reproductive System Testes, Ovaries, Uterus
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Chapter 15, Section 2 The Skeletal System

• After completing the lesson, students will be
  able to
• Identify the functions of the skeleton
• Describe the structure of bones and how they grow
  and form
• Explain the role of moveable joints in the body
• List ways that individuals can keep their bones
  strong and healthy.

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Chapter 15, Section 2 The Skeletal System

• The skeletal system
• _________________________
• _________________________
• _________________________
• _________________________
• _________________________

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Chapter 15, Section 2 The Skeletal System

• The skeletal system
• Supports the body
• Provides a site for blood cell formation
• Protects Internal organs
• Provides for Movement
• Stores Mineral Reserves (Calcium)

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Bones are _____ ______.Cells that produce bone
are called ____________.
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Bones are living tissue.Cells that produce bone
are called osteoblasts.
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_____ are a network of ______ _____ and ______
______ that are surrounded by deposits of _____
____.The skeleton of an ______is composed of a
_______ _________ called _______. Cartilage is
then replaced by ________.
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Bones are a network of living cells and protein
fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium
salts.The skeleton of an embryo is composed of
a connective tissue called cartilage. Cartilage
is then replaced by bone.
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The network of _____ in _______ is made from two
__________ called __________ and _________.
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The network of fibers in cartilage is made from
two proteins called collagen and elastin.
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_______ is ________ and ______, and it is
_________ ________. ________ is replaced by
_____ during the process of bone formation called
_________.
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Cartilage is dense and fibrous, and it is
extremely flexible. Cartilage is replaced by
bone during the process of bone formation called
ossification.
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Within _____ are ________ that contain a ____
______ called ____ ______. There are __ types of
___________ ______ produces red blood cells,
some white blood cells, and cell fragments called
platelets.________ __________ is primarily fat
cells.
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Within bones are cavities that contain a soft
tissue called bone marrow. There are 2 types of
marrowRed Marrow produces red blood cells, some
white blood cells, and cell fragments called
platelets.Yellow Marrow is primarily fat cells.
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The two ________ that make up most of the mass of
the bone are ______ and ___________.
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The two minerals that make up most of the mass of
the bone are calcium and phosphorus.
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A _____ is a place where one ____ ________ to
another.There are three types of joints
_______, ________ ________, and _________
________.
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A joint is a place where one bone attaches to
another.There are three types of joints
Immovable, Slightly Movable, and Freely
Movable.
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Or Gliding Joint
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Chapter 15, Section 2 The Muscular System

• After completing the lesson, students will be
  able to
• Identify the three types of muscles found in the
  body and describe the function of each
• Explain how skeletal muscles work in pairs
• List ways in which people can keep their muscles
  healthy.

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Chapter 15, Section 3 The Muscular System

• _____________ is found everywhere in the body.
  There are ___ different types of ______ _______
• __________
• __________
• __________

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Chapter 15, Section 3 The Muscular System

• Muscle is found everywhere in the body. There
  are 3 different types of muscle tissue
• Skeletal
• Smooth
• Cardiac

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_______ ________ are usually _______ to ______,
and are responsible for ___________ movements
such as _______, ________, or __________.
_________ __________ have ________ (called
striations), nuclei, and mitochondria. They vary
from 1 millimeter to 30 centimeters in length.
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Skeletal Muscles are usually attached to bones,
and are responsible for voluntary movements such
as dancing, running, or smiling. Skeletal
muscles have stripes (called striations), nuclei,
and mitochondria. They vary from 1 millimeter to
30 centimeters in length.
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______ _______ are more ________, not voluntary.
_______ ________ are found in the stomach,
intestines, eyes, etc. You do not have to ___
your body to digest food, or _______ your eyes in
different light situations.
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Smooth Muscles are more automatic, not voluntary.
Smooth muscles are found in the stomach,
intestines, eyes, etc. You do not have to tell
your body to digest food, or refocus your eyes in
different light situations.
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______ ________ Found only in the _____. More
similar to ______ muscle because it operates
_____________ (you dont have to tell your ______
to _____).
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Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart. More
similar to smooth muscle because it operates
automatically (you dont have to tell your heart
to beat).
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_______ _________Muscle cells in skeletal
muscles are made of ___________ bands of thick
and thin ________.The _____ filaments contain a
protein called _____.The ____ filaments contain
a protein called _____.
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Muscle ContractionMuscle cells in skeletal
muscles are made of alternating bands of thick
and thin filaments.The thick filaments contain a
protein called Myosin.The thin filaments contain
a protein called Actin.
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A ______ _______ when the thin filaments (____)
slide over the thick filaments (_____). This
process is called the _____ ______ ______.The
_____ for muscle contraction is supplied by ____.
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A muscle contracts when the thin filaments
(Actin) slide over the thick filaments (Myosin).
This process is called the sliding filament
action.The energy for muscle contraction is
supplied by ATP.
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Muscles work in _______ ______. When one
muscle in the pair _________, the other _______.
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Muscles work in opposing pairs. When one
muscle in the pair contracts, the other relaxes.
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Chapter 15, Section 2 The Skin

• After completing the lesson, students will be
  able to
• Describe the functions of skin
• Identify and describe the layers of the skin
• List ways that individuals can keep skin healthy.

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______________ System

• Serves as a ______ against ______ and __________
• ___________ body ____________
• _____________ ____________ products from the body
• _________ against ____________ _____________

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Integumentary System

• Serves as a barrier against infection and injury.
• Regulating body temperature
• Removing waste products from the body
• Protecting against ultraviolet radiation

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The outer layer of the skin is called the
_________. The inner layer of skin is called the
_______.
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The outer layer of the skin is called the
epidermis. The inner layer of skin is called the
dermis.
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When the body needs to ________ heat, the blood
vessels in the dermis ________, helping to limit
heat loss. When the body needs to ____ heat, the
blood vessels _______, bringing heat from the
bodys ____ to the ____ and increasing heat loss.
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When the body needs to conserve heat, the blood
vessels in the dermis narrow, helping to limit
heat loss. When the body needs to lose heat, the
blood vessels widen, bringing heat from the
bodys core to the skin and increasing heat loss.
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The basic structure of human hair and nails is
______. The two functions of head hair
is__________ the scalp from _____ _____ and
providing _________ from the _____.
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The basic structure of human hair and nails is
keratin. The two functions of head hair
isProtecting the scalp from UV light and
providing insulation from the cold.
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______ in the nose and ears and around the eyes
help protect the body. It __________ dirt and
other particles from _______ the body through the
nose, ears, and eyes.
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Hair in the nose and ears and around the eyes
help protect the body. It prevents dirt and
other particles from entering the body through
the nose, ears, and eyes.
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