Review Session 7

1
Review Session 7

• 20th Century since 1945

2
Cold War Balance of Power

• Germany after WWII split among Allies (US, Fr,
  Br and USSR) gt West Germany (democratic) and
  East Germany (communist)
• Japan after WWII Emperor steps down (NOT a
  god) demilitarized Japan new constitution and
  parliamentary govt
• Emergence of superpowers US v. USSR

3

• Marshall Plan economic aid to countries that
  apply for it gt become US allies promotes
  democracy (West Europe)
• Truman Doctrine military economic aid to
  Greece Turkey to fight communism
• early containment policies
• Berlin Blockade Airlift Soviets blockade the
  former German capital to rid West Berlin of
  democracy Allies airlift goods to combat the
  blockade

4

• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
  military alliance of the US and West Europe
• Warsaw Pact military alliance of the USSR and
  East Europe
• Collective Security
• Hungarian Revolt Hungarian govt is threatened
  by democratic protests Soviet military invades
  to stop the protests and restore communists to
  power

5

• Soviet Invasion of Czech Czech govt starts to
  grant democratic reforms Soviets intervene to
  restore communism
• Role of the UN during the Cold War they
  attempted to keep peace however they also became
  a battlefield for the Cold War

6
Economic Issues in the Cold War and Post Cold War
Era

• Market v. Command economy
• Market consumers and producers decide what,
  how and for whom to produce
• Command central planners/govt decide what,
  how and for whom to produce
• Economic Recovery E. vs. W. Germany
• East Germanys economy struggles under communism
  while West Germany flourishes under capitalism

7

• European Economic Community created in order to
  increase trade and improve economic conditions
  among European nations
• Japan becomes an economic superpower
  manufacturing and exports make Japan a successful
  nation

• OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting
  Countries)
• Goals to control the exportation and price of
  oil world-wide
• Oil Crisis 1970s cut the supply of oil
  world-wide creating a shortage and causing s to
  rise

8
Chinese Communist Revolution

• Rise to power called for the support of the
  peasants by promising them a better life under
  communism
• Communism under Mao
• Great Leap Forward tried to increase production
  of agriculture (communes) and industry gt wanted
  to reach world power status
• Cultural Revolution and Red Guard to
  re-establish faith in communism and eliminate
  opposition to Mao (Red Guard school-aged)

9

• US Recognition of China during the 1970s,
  US-Chinese relations were established (Nixons
  visit, table tennis team, etc)

• Communism Under Deng Xiaoping
• Four Modernizations agriculture, industry,
  defense science and technology
• limited privatization farming and industry
• foreign investment opened relations with the
  west

10

• Tiananmen Square (1989) student protests
  violently suppressed by the govt (world
  recognizes human rights violations)
• Role of women women were seen as equals, but
  traditionally were not as valued as men

11
Collapse of European Imperialism

• India-Independence and partition independence
  brought a split India (Hindus) and Pakistan
  (Muslim)
• Muslim/Hindu Conflicts caused disunity and
  tension
• Status of the Caste System Illegal, but still
  socially accepted (esp. in rural areas)
• Non-alignment played both sides of the Cold War
  conflict to their benefit (ex. Nuclear weapons)

12

• African Independence Movements and Pan Africanism
• Apartheid policy of racial separation white
  minority controlled black majority
• Historical circumstances
• ANC (African National Congress) promoted
  nationalism, fought for independence and then
  equal rights
• Nelson Mandela jailed for 27 years -gt symbol of
  Apartheid injustice (called for its end) 1st
  black South African president

13

• Desmond Tutu Catholic priest who called for the
  peaceful end to Apartheid headed the Truth and
  Reconciliation Committee
• FW deKlerk Pres. who began the end of Apartheid
  legalized the ANC and freed Mandela

14

• Southeast Asia
• Vietnam/Ho Chi Minh Ngo Dinh Diem
• Ho Chi Minh led a nationalist movement to end
  foreign (French) control backed by the
  communists (USSR China)
• Ngo Dinh Diem was a non-communist dictator in
  the south supported by the US
• Cambodia/Pol Pot/Khmer Rouge Pol Pot wanted a
  return to traditional society based on
  agriculture (act of genocide?) against
  intellectuals

15

• Conflicts and Change in the Middle East
• Israel zionists called for a Jewish homeland
  were granted Palestinian lands which brought
  immediate conflict between Jews and Muslims
• Conflicts in Lebanon and Iraq the Lebanese govt
  and terrorist group Hezbollah fought one another
  for control Iraqis tried to suppress majority
  Sunni and Kurds through violent means

16

• Iranian revolution
• Causes traditional Muslim fundamentalism v.
  westernization (modernization)
• Impact Ayatollah Khomeini leads the muslim
  fundamentalists to victory over Shah Ravi Pahlavi
  Iran is now ruled by Muslim laws and customs

• Persian Gulf War
• Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait gt UN forces led
  by the US, force Iraqis out of Kuwait, protecting
  their oil interests in the Middle East

17
Collapse of Communism

• Afghanistan Soviets invade Afghanistan
• Gorbachev
• Perestroika eco. changes (free market strategy)
• Glastnost (openness) allowed some democratic
  freedoms

• Fall of the Berlin Wall Reunification
  symbolized the end of communism in E. Europe and
  Germany (Germany struggled economically)

18

• Ethnic conflicts
• Balkans variety of ethnic/religious groups want
  their own autonomy (independence) -gt split of
  Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia

• Boris Yeltsin
• Command to Market economy shock therapy the
  switch shocked the economy and created slow
  progress and restlessness among Russians

• Latin America
• Argentina Juan Peron attempted to increase
  nationalism through economic reforms that
  appealed to the people was very repressive though

19

• Cuba - Fidel Castro led a socialist revolution
  against US-backed dictator Fulgencio Bastista
  allied with the USSR
• Nicaragua and the Sandinistas when the
  Sandinistas (communists) took over, Contras
  (US-backed) rebelled against them
• Guatemala US sent the CIA to overthrow the
  communist govt

20
Ethnic and Religious Tensions

• Northern Ireland Protestants v. Catholics
  Protestants (British) and Catholics (Irish)
  debate over who should control the govt
• Balkans (Serbs, Croats, Muslims) all want their
  own independent nations free from each others
  control
• Middle East (Jews Palestinians) fight for
  control over Palestine -gt each claim its their
  historic homeland

21
Post Cold War Hot Spots

• No. Korea nuclear proliferation (trying to
  obtain nuclear materials for weapons)
• China economic world power, but violator of
  human rights
• Russia struggling with democracy and capitalism
  -gt returning to communism?
• Mexico political and economic instability (large
  of poor)
• Rwanda ethnic genocide -gt majority Hutus
  murdered _at_ 1 million Tutsis over 3 months
  (international community did nothing ignored)