Birth of Nano:

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(No Transcript)
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Introduction

• Birth of Nano
• Inspiration in 1959 punch card system for IBM
• 1000 to the first guy who makes an operating
  electric motor 1/64 inch cube
• William McLellan made a motor 0.014 (0.0156
  required) in 1960

http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3785509.
stm
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Outline

1. Inspiration from Macro.
2. Biological systems and Chemistry
3. Computation and Information Storage
4. Atomic/Quantum Phenomenon

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Outline

1. Inspiration from Macro.
2. Biological systems and Chemistry
3. Computation and Information Storage
4. Atomic/Quantum Phenomenon

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Advantagesor Just Dreams?

• At a small enough level, all devices can be mass
  produced so that they can be absolutely perfect
  copies of one another
• It doesnt cost anything for materials because
  we can generate several new tiny lathes from one
  original lathe.
• What about the ever-rising cost for researching
  ways to create and control things on the
  nano-scale?
• Mainstream nanotechnology, as practiced by
  hundreds of companies, is merely the intellectual
  offspring of conventional chemical engineering
  and our new nanoscale powers. The basis of most
  research in mainstream nanotech is the fact that
  some materials have peculiar or useful properties
  when pulverized into nanoscale particles or
  otherwise rearranged.

http//www.thenewatlantis.com/archive/2/keiperprin
t.htm http//www.komotv.com/news/story.asp?ID1129
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Writing on the Head of a Pin

• Lords prayer ? Encyclopaedia Brittanica ? all
  the books in the World all on the head of a pin!
• Feynmans suggested approach and the idea that
  it can be read if it is so written.
• Electron-beam lithography has been a standard
  method for making the molds with patterns of 10
  nm dots with a 40 nm pitch.
• Recently Princeton University researchers have
  shown that photocurable nanoimprint lithography
  (P-NIL) can produce lines of polymer resist just
  7 nm wide with a pitch (or pattern repeat) of
  only 14 nm.

http//www.nanotechweb.org/
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Far Beyond 20/20 Vision

• 1959 - At the time of Feynmans lecture, the
  electron microscope could only resolve 10
  angstroms
• 1981 Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invented
  the scanning tunneling microscope that gives
  three-dimensional images of objects down to the
  atomic level.
• Currently, most ultra-high resolution microscopy
  is performed at resolutions between one and two
  Angstroms. However, below one Angstrom materials
  exhibit different properties and behaviors.
• 2005 FEIs new scanning/ transmission electron
  microscope (S/TEM), the Titan(TM) 80-300 can
  provide sub-Angstrom (atomic scale) imaging!

Iron on Copper (111)
http//www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/MSD-1-
Ang-microscope.html http//www.almaden.ibm.com/vis
/stm/corral.html
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Training a Mite to Work

• Feynman considers the possibilities of small but
  movable machines
• Today, MEMS technology integrates mechanical
  elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on
  a common silicon substrate through
  microfabrication technology.
• Microelectronic integrated circuits can be
  thought of as the "brains" of a system and MEMS
  augments this decision-making capability with
  "eyes" and "arms", to allow microsystems to sense
  and control the environment.

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Amazing Tiny Hands

• Feynman suggests creating a master-slave system
  to allow us to create tiny tool-like hands to
  do work on a very small scale
• MEMS and Nanotechnology has made possible
  electrically-driven motors smaller than the
  diameter of a human hair
• Antenna arrays using RF MEMS are much smaller and
  cheaper in cost, and can give satellite TV in a
  car, and eventually, laptops and other commercial
  products.
• Microfluidics, which involve processes and
  devices that deal with volumes of fluids on the
  nanoliter or picoliter level, are used in inkjet
  printers, blood-cell separation equipment, and
  mechanical micromilling.

Electrically-driven motor
Antenna Array
Microfluidics
http//www.smalltimes.com/
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The Challenges Below
All things do not simply scale down in
proportion It is necessary to improve the
precision of the apparatus at each stage, It is
necessary at each step to improve the accuracy of
the equipment by working for a while down there.

• The problems of manufacture and reproduction of
  materials will be quite different.
• From the example earlier with improved
  lithography, the scientists believed they can
  make lines in the resist narrower than 7 nm but
  were unable to examine them in the scanning
  electron microscope because of thermal damage to
  the structures from the microscope's electron
  beam.
• MEMS packaging is more challenging than IC
  packaging due to the diversity of MEMS devices
  and the requirement that many of these devices be
  in contact with their environment.
• In microfluidics, capillary action changes the
  way in which fluids pass through
  microscale-diameter tubes, as compared with
  macroscale channels.

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Outline

1. Inspiration from Macro.
2. Biological systems and Chemistry
3. Computation and Information Storage
4. Atomic/Quantum Phenomenon

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Biology and Chemistry

• Better electron microscopes
• The electron microscope is not quite good
  enough, with the greatest care and effort, it can
  only resolve about 10 angstroms
• The North Campus JOEL3011 1.4 angstroms! FEI
  claims sub-angstrom. Limitations in optics, cost
• Observing processes challenging, What is the
  system of the conversion of light into chemical
  energy?
• Rayleigh criterion, d proportional to ?, but
  according to De Broglie, ? h/p, where p is the
  momentum of electron, proportional to energy
• Very act of observing changes things

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Biology and Chemistry

• Progress with DNA
• Biologists have a thorough understanding of DNA
  using various direct/indirect techniques
• Learning from DNA- self-assembly- coding
  information

http//www.csu.edu.au/faculty/health/biomed/subjec
ts/molbol/DNAstruc.htm
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Biology and Chemistry

• The marvelous biological system
• Biology is not simply writing information it is
  doing something about it.
• Learning from biology spinning silk
• Flagella for motion
• Biomimetics

http//www.siue.edu/cbwilso/http//science.howst
uffworks.com/spider3.htm
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Biology and Chemistry

• DNA-bots
• it would be interesting in surgery if you could
  swallow the surgeon.
• von Kiedrowski self-replicating DNA-bots
• Programmed assembly, Nadrian Seeman at NYU.
• Components of robots Tweezers, motors
• Controlling through radio-waves with gold
  crystals, MIT
• progress

http//www.nyu.edu/http//www.ipht-jena.de/BEREIC
H_3/molnano/DNA2002/abstract.html
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Biology and Chemistry

• DNA-computing
• A single gram of dried DNA, about the size of a
  half-inch sugar cube, can hold as much
  information as a trillion compact discs -
  Leonard Aldeman
• Solving the traveling salesman problem
• How long would it take?

Scientific American August 1998, Vol. 279 Issue
2, p54, 8p
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Biology and Chemistry

• Atoms in a small world
• Put the atoms down where the chemist says, and
  so you make the substance
• Lets think about this

http//www.kennislink.nl
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Biology and Chemistry

• Chemistry wins
• Large number of molecules
• Better use of energy
• Stearic hindrances 3D manipulation

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Biology and Chemistry

• Chemistry
• Supramolecular chemistry, Self-assembly
  (foldamers), stereoscopic molecular structures,
  colloids and diblock copolymers, etc.
• Convergence of sciences

Paul M. Welch, A Tunable Dendritic Molecular
Actuator, pp 1279 - 1283 Nano Lettershttp//www.
chem.wisc.edu/gellman/
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Outline

1. Inspiration from Macro.
2. Biological systems and Chemistry
3. Computation and Information Storage
4. Atomic/Quantum Phenomenon

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Computation and Information

• The head of a pin is a sixteenth of an inch
  across. If you magnify it by 25,000 diameters,
  the area of the head of the pin is then equal to
  the area of all the pages of the Encyclopaedia
  Brittanica. Therefore, all it is necessary to do
  is to reduce in size all the writing in the
  Encyclopaedia by 25,000 times. Is that possible?
• Current Density 15 GB/sq. inch
• 1 copy of Encyclopedia Britannica 1 GB!!
• Area of the head of a pin 0.003 sq. inch
• Currently 0.05 EBs.

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Computation and Information

• "The information cannot go any faster than the
  speed of light -- so, ultimately, when our
  computers get faster and faster and more and more
  elaborate, we will have to make them smaller and
  smaller
• As a consequence of being faster and smaller the
  computers will become more responsive and hence
  smarter.
• If we continue with Feynmans thinking then the
  path to quantum computing is easily accessible.
• A quantum processor of 500 qubits would be able
  to do the work of 10150 traditional processors
  with 150 bits!

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Computation and Information

• Probably an external supply of electrical power
  would be most convenient for such small
  machines.
• Nanomachines cannot be human controlled and
  therefore require their own system of integrated
  logic.
• Therefore, nanotechnology can only go as far as
  control and computational technology allow.
• The idea of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems
  (MEMS) is only one step away from Feynmans
  proposed nanomachines.

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Computation and Information

• I dont know how to do this on a small scale in
  a practical way, but I do know that computing
  machines are very large they fill rooms. Why
  cant we make them very small, make them of
  little wires, little elementsand by little, I
  mean little
• It was inevitable, Mr. Anderson. Agent Smith

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Outline

1. Inspiration from Macro.
2. Biological systems and Chemistry
3. Computation and Information Storage
4. Atomic/Quantum Phenomenon

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Approaching the Quantum Limit

• Transistor gates are now only several tens of
  atoms across in length.
• As devices are made smaller and smaller, how to
  measure their characteristics (length, force,
  charge, etc.)?
• Need metrology instruments that can quickly count
  the atoms. These do not exist yet.

Science (306) 5700, 1309-1310.
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Single-Electron Transistor

• Tunnel junctions 1 nm thick allow the gate
  voltage to place single electrons in the island.
• Smaller devices ? smaller gate capacitance ? room
  temperature operation. Such devices have been
  realized.
• If a 2nd gate is placed, then the device can
  measure the charge on this gate with precision
  greater than 10-5 e Hz-1/2

Physics World, September 1998.
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Approaching the Quantum Limit

• So, as we go down and fiddle around with the
  atoms down there, we are working with different
  laws, and we can expect to do different things.
  R.P. Feynman

Example Mechanical Oscillator
where resonant frequency
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Approaching the Quantum Limit

• For a vibrating beam or cantilever, increases
  as the size decreases.
• When the oscillator can
  approach its quantum ground state .
• Energy and average vibration amplitude become
  quantized.
• Also, zero-point motion and the uncertainty
  principle set a limit on the measured average
  position.

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Nano-Mechanical Oscillator
Mechanical oscillators with resonant frequencies
gt 1 GHz have been realized. Cleland et al have
realized a 116-MHz oscillating beam capacitively
coupled to a single electron transistor, which
measures displacement with a sensitivity of 2 x
10-15 m Hz-1/2, at a temperature of 30 mK, a
sensitivity only a factor of 100 larger than the
quantum limit for the oscillator.
1µm
Nature 424, 291-293
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Single Atom Manipulation
Scanning tunneling microscope topographic image
of a single atom of cobalt

• Stroscio et al. have manipulated single Co atoms
  on a Cu (111) surface using an STM tip.

Science (306) 5694, 242-247
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Conclusion
Don Eigler and Erhard Schweizer, Nature.

• What I want to talk about is the problem of
  manipulating and controlling things on a small
  scale. (1959)

Philip Ball, Made to Measure New Materials for
the 21st Century, 1997http//www.feynmanonline.co
m/