Alfred the Great Unified

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Alfred the Great Unified The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy
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England

• King Alfred the Great united the various kingdoms
  of England that had been ruled by Anglo-Saxon
  kings
• Angles, Saxons, Germanic people were united

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Norman Conquest

• 10/4/1066, William of Normandy defeated King
  Harold of England at the battle of Hastings
• William was then crowned King of England
• Norman knights received land as a fief and swore
  allegiance to the king
• Marriage of French Anglo-Saxons led to a new
  English culture
• Normans adopted Anglo-Saxon institutions office
  of sheriff, census called Domesday Book
• William further developed taxation royal courts

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William I, the Conqueror Brought Norman Feudalism
To England
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Henry II

• Henry II enlarged English monarchy
• Expanded the power of the royal courts kings
  power/increased of criminal cases tried on the
  kings court
• Common law replaced law codes across the kingdom
• Tried to control Church but failed
• Thomas Beckett, archbishop of Canterbury said
  only Roman Catholic Church could try clergy
• Four knights murdered Beckett, Henry was outraged
  backed down

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Magna Carta

• English nobles resented the growth of the kings
  power/ rebellion was raised against King John
• 1215, King John was forced to put his seal on the
  Magna Carta
• Magna Carta feudal document, written
  recognition that the power of the king was
  limited
• 13th century, under Edward I English parliament
  emerged
• Parliament 2 knights from every county, 2
  people from every town, and all the bishops
  nobles throughout England

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John Was Forced To Sign the Magna Carta in 1215
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English Parliament

• Eventually 2 houses were formed
• Nobles church lords formed House of the Lords
• Knights townspeoples House of Commons
• Parliaments granted taxes passed laws

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Edward I Called a Parliament Of Lords and Commons
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French Kingdom

• Kingdom of France was 1/3 of the former
  Carolingian empire
• Hugh Capet was chosen to be king by west Frankish
  nobles establishing the Capetian dynasty
• Capetians had little power only controlled the
  land around Paris/ Dukes had more power than
  kings
• Phillip II of Augustus was the turning point in
  the French monarchy
• Phillip waged war against England gained
  control of the Normandy, Maine, Anjou, Aquitaine

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French Kingdom

• Phillip II successors continued to add land to
  the Kingdom
• 13th century, Louis IX ruled/ deeply religious
  man who later made a saint by the Catholic
  church/Known for his attempts bring justice to
  his people
• Phillip IV, Phillip the Fair, effective in
  strengthening the French monarchy expanding the
  royal bureaucracy
• Phillip IV started a French parliament/Estates
  General

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Louis IX
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Philip IV Called the Estates- General to Raise
Taxes
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Holy Roman Empire

• German kings attempted to rule both German
  Italian lands but struggled to do so
• Fredericks attempt to conquer northern Italy
  caused problems
• Pope opposed him fearing that he wanted to
  include Rome the papal states
• Northern Italian cities did not want to be his
  subjects
• Alliance of Italian cities pope defeated
  Frederick I in 1176
• Frederick II also waged a war against the pope
  northern cities lost

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Otto I
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East Central Europe

• Slavic people divided into 3 groups western,
  eastern, southern Slavs
• Western Slavs formed the Polish Bohemian
  kingdoms
• Poles, Czechs, Hungarians were all converted to
  Christianity by German Monks
• Eastern Slavic people were converted to Orthodox
  Christianity by two Byzantine missionary
  brothers Cyril Methodius
• Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians were converted to
  Eastern Orthodoxy

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St. Cyril and St. Methodius