Quiz

1
Quiz

• What were guilds?
• What was the new European institution?
• What were living conditions like in Medieval
  towns?
• What became an important business as traders
  moved from town to town?
• Why did towns and cities grow?

2
England and France Develop
3
Setting the Stage

• By early 800s, small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms covered
  the former Roman province of Britain.
• Gradually, towns and cities grew while the feudal
  system was breaking up.
• This lead to a more centralized government and
  the development of nations.
• The earliest nations in Europe to develop a
  unified government were England and France.

4
Alfred the Great (871-899) unites his kingdom
under one rule, calling it England, land of the
Angles, Alfred unites his kingdom under one
rule, calling it England, land of the
Angles1016 Danish King Canute united
Anglo-Saxons and Vikings into one peopleIn
1042, King Edward, descendent of Alfred, took the
throne.
Early Invaders
Statue of Alfred the Great in Britain
5
In 1043, King Edward died, which left a
dispute over the throne.William, Duke of
Normandy and cousin of King Edward, who becomes
William the Conqueror, invaded England with a
Norman army and claimed English crown.Harold
Godwinson, brother-in-law of Edward, was an
Anglo-Saxon who also claimed the English throne.

Norman Conquest
6
Harold and William fought in the Battle of
Hastings in 1066. Harold was killed by an arrow
to his eye. William declared all of England his
personal property. He then kept 1/5th of England
for himself and gave the rest to 200 Lords.By
doing this, William unified control of the land
and started the beginning of centralized
government in England.
Battle of Hastings
7
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8
England's Evolving Government

• English kings wanted two goals
• to hold and add to their French lands.
• to strengthen their own power over nobles and the
  Church
• Henry II added land to Normandy and France by
  marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine
• This brought Henry a large amount of land in
  France and made him a vassal to the French King

9
Juries and Common Law

• Henry ruled England and strengthened royal courts
  by introducing the use of juries - A group of 12
  common neighbors of the accused.
• Over the centuries, the rulings of England's
  royal judges formed a body of law known as common
  law
• The principles of common law is the basis for law
  in the United States

10
The Magna Carta

• John became king after both his father Henry II
  and his brother Richard the Lionhearted died.
• He failed as a military leader, and lost Normandy
  and all his lands in France
• On June 15, 1215, the nobles forced King John to
  sign the most celebrated document in English
  History.

11
The Magna Carta

• The Magna Carta (Great Charter) guaranteed basic,
  political rights.
• No taxation without representation
• Jury trial
• Protection of the law
• This important because we are seeing the kings
  power becoming limited.

12
The Model Parliament

• The next English king, Edward I, raised taxes for
  war so he called on 2 burgesses and 2 knights
  from each burough and county to approve
• This was the first Parliament, or legislative
  group
• Knights and burgesses formed House of Commons
• Nobles and bishops formed House of Lords
• This provides a check on royal power

13
Capetian Dynasty Rules France

• After the breakup of Charlemagne's empire, French
  counts and dukes ruled their lands independently
  under the feudal system
• By the year 1000, France was divided into 30
  feudal territories
• After the last Carolingian ruler died, Hugh
  Capet, an undistinguished duke, took his power

14
France Becomes a Separate Kingdom

• The Capet family only ruled a small territory but
  at its heart stood Paris.
• The Capetian Dynasty of French kings ruled France
  from 987-1328.
• They eventually extended their power to unite all
  of France.

15
Phillip II Expands His Power

• One of most powerful Capetian kings.
• Became king at 15
• Had little success against Henry II or Richard
  the Lionhearted, but beat King John.

16
Philip II's Heirs

• Hugh Capet increases the territory of France
• Philip II (1180-1223) established bailiffs to
  preside over courts and collect taxes
• Louis IX (1226-1270) creates a French appeals
  court
• Philip IV (1285-1314) adds Third Estate to the
  Estates-General

17
Estates-General

• Philip IV invited all to participate in a meeting
  known as the Estates-General
• Helped increase royal power
• Did not limit the King's power
• In England and France these events were important
  steps towards increased central government power
  and democratic rule