Psychological Therapies

1
Psychological Therapies
2
History of Treatment Video

• Trephing YouTube (200)??
• Early Treatment of Mental Disorders
• For The Incurable Insane
• Dorothea Dix- reform treatment of mentally ill.
• Pinel The medical Model which changed the
  paradigm (view) of mental illness as a curable
  disease just some physical diseases.

3
Deinstitutionalization

• 1950s because of development of drugs
  (especially anti-psychotic), local clinics did
  not take care of led to boom in homeless
  population. (686)
• Sick A Documentary
• YOUTUBE Bellevue inside and out

4
Preventative efforts (suffering and
costs will be less if we can be proactive with
treatment.)

•  
• Primary- decrease joblessness, homelessness,
  prejudice, economic inequality, HS drop out
  rates.
• Secondary- treat at-risk such as PTSD for war
  veterans, traumatic event survivors, community
  health.
•  
• Tertiary- those with disorders that could get
  worse without treatment.

5
Psychotherapy

• Psychotherapy an emotionally charged, confiding
  interaction between a trained therapist and
  someone who suffers from psychological
  difficulties.
• At least 250 types of psychotherapies exist
• Most influential Psychoanalytic, Humanistic,
  Behavioral, Somatic and Cognitive
• Many therapists today use an eclectic approach
  using techniques from various therapies

6
Types of Therapists

• Psychiatrists medical doctors, can prescribe
  medication, oftentimes favor the biomedical model
• Clinical psychologists doctoral degrees in
  psychology
• Counseling psychologists graduate degrees in
  psychology
• Psychoanalysts people trained in Freudian
  methods (may or may not hold medical degrees)

7
Psychoanalysis

• Sigmund Freuds therapeutic technique.
• Cause of psychological disorders - Repressed
  conflicts (in the unconscious)
• Focus Identify the underlying cause of the
  problem
• Must find the underlying cause, otherwise you are
  simply treating symptoms of the disorder and not
  the disorder itself.
• To release repressed feelings and thus allowing
  the patient to gain self-insight.

8
Sybil and Psychoanalytic Treatment using Hypnosis

• Sybil and Hypnosis Psychologist trying to figure
  out what causes Sybils Dissociation. Sybil is
  unaware of other personalities. She is unaware of
  the abuse that her mother did to her. Therapist
  is beginning to make breakthrough.
• Video beginning Part 2 (1100)

9
Psychoanalysis

• Techniques (Insight Therapies)
• Free Association saying whatever comes to mind
  (thought, feeling or image)
• Resistance blocks in the flow of a free
  association (evidence of anxiety and repression),
  could also refer to a patients tendency to
  disagree with the therapists interpretation
• Psychoanalysts will oftentimes use interpretation
  to analyze a resistance.
• Transference may occur patient redirects
  emotion from their troubled relationships to
  their therapist (love or aggression)
• Analysis of a dreams latent content
• Psychodynamic Therapy Search for repressed
  childhood experiences that explain current
  symptoms. (Practiced by Neo-Freudians)

10
Ordinary People and Psychoananlysis

• Ordinary People. Best Picture 1981 Upper class
  family Conrad 17 years old who just returned from
  spending 3 months in a mental institution after
  he tried to kill himself. Suffering from
  depression (quit the swim team) lost interest in
  friends, activities, weight loss, sleeping 12
  hours per day.

11
Ordinary People and Psychonanlysis

• During that time the mother never came to visit
  him in the hospital. He also suffers from PTSD
  the event was a boating accident which killed his
  older brother. He begins to see a psychotherapist
  that comes from the psychoanalytic perspective.
  Also uses a little Cognitive Therapy in which he
  challenges the assumptions, way of thinking of
  Conrad.

12
Insight Therapies

• Freudian Slips
• Hypnosis
• Assignment During these clips find the
  following
• Sybling Rivalry (Neo-Freudian)
• Resistance-
• Transference
• Freudian Slips
• Cognitive Therapy

13
Psychoanalysis and Ordinary People.

• (
• Ordinary People part 8 YouTube
• ordinary people part 10 YouTube (begin 400)
• Ordinary People Conrad's Breakthrough

14
Humanistic Therapy

• Cause of psychological disorders failure to
  strive towards ones potential. (Patient has the
  opportunity to change due to free-will)
• Focus Goal is to encourage self-fulfillment by
  the therapist helping the patient grow in
  self-awareness and self-acceptance

15
Humanistic Therapy

• Techniques
• Client-centered therapy (Carl Rogers)
• Focus on clients conscious self-perceptions
  rather than therapists interpretations
• Therapist is empathetic, genuine and offers
  unconditional positive regard
• Use active listening repeating what youve
  heard (Re p. 664)
• Carl Rogers Client Centered Therapy
• Beginning 130

16
Gestalt Therapy

• Gestalt therapy
• Developed by Fritz Perls
• Get in touch with your whole self - Encourage
  their client to integrate all of their actions,
  feelings and thoughts into a harmonious whole.
• - Gestalt Therapy (150)

17
Humanistic Therapy

• Existential therapy helping clients achieve a
  subjectively meaningful perception of their
  lives.
• Believes clients problems are due to loss of
  purpose
• Therapist helps client form a worthwhile vision
• Group Therapy people meet regularly (with those
  with similar issues) to interact and help one
  another achieve insight into feelings and
  behaviors.
• Ex. Family Therapy
• Ex. Couple Therapy
• Ex. Self-help groups AA

18
Behavior Therapy

• Cause of psychological disorder due to the
  environment and can be changed with a change in
  ones surroundings . People have been conditioned
  into a behavior
• Focus apply learning principles (Operant and
  Classical Conditioning) to eliminate unwanted
  behavior, replace maladaptive symptoms with
  constructive behavior

19
Behavior Therapy

• Techniques
• Counter conditioning - reversing the present
  conditioned response. (Classical Conditioning)
• Systematic Desensitization conditioning a
  patient to replace anxious feelings with relaxed
  feelings. (used to treat phobias)
• Anxiety (fear) hierarchy ranking fear of a
  particular object/experience from least to most
  fear provoking P.667
• Exposure Therapy treating anxiety through
  exposure to that which you normally avoid (in
  imagination or actuality) Ex. virtual reality
  therapy . Treating Arachnophobia
• Implosive Therapy exposure to the most
  frightening scenario first. Client should
  eventually realize that their behavior is
  irrational. Intensive Exposure Therapy
• Aversive Conditioning - An unpleasant state is
  associated with an unwanted behavior. (Ex.
  Shocking bed wetters, pill causing nausea in an
  alcoholic's drink, terrible tasting nail polish
  for nail biting)

20
Behavior Therapy

• Techniques
• Modeling observe appropriate behavior and then
  reenact that behavior.
• Ex. Watch people who act calm and you will act
  calm.
• Token Economy - Rewarding desired behavior
  (operant conditioning) Ex. Reward a child with
  ADHD when they takes notes and participate in
  class. Reward could be candy, points, etc.)

21
Cognitive Therapy

• Causes of psychological disorders irrational or
  dysfunctional ways of thinking. A Patients
  interpretation of events including a realistic
  appraisal of the consequences. Ex. Biff thinks I
  will never get another girlfriend again
• Focus teaching clients new and rational ways of
  thinking

22
Cognitive Therapy

• Techniques
• Aaron Becks Cognitive Therapy seek to reverse
  clients beliefs about themselves, their
  situations and their futures.
• Read dialogue on page 670
• Changing negative thoughts to more positive
  thinking.
• Ex Halle Berry
• Albert Ellis Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
  therapist points out dysfunctional thinking. Many
  patients in therapy have an irrational set of
  beliefs that include musts? and shoulds (Ex.
  I should be competent at everything. I must be
  liked by everyone.) Therapists challenge this
  thinking.
• Elliss RET is more confrontational than Becks
  CT
• Re P. 669 bottom
• Ellis and Gloria

23
Stress Inoculation Therapy

• Changing the conversations that one has in
  his/her head.
• Ex. Ben Stein, Alex Rodriquez

24
Biomedical (Biological / Somatic Therapy)

• Causes of psychological disorders genetic
  predisposition to the disorder, biochemical
  (neurotransmitter) imbalance
• Focus advocate somatic therapies that produce
  bodily change.

25
How Psychoactive Drugs work

• LIVE!Psych

26
Biomedical (Biological / Somatic Therapy)

• Techniques
• Prefrontal lobotomy - cutting the nerves
  connecting the frontal lobes with the inner
  brains thalamus.
• Rarely used today but in the 1940s and 1950s
  thousands of lobotomies were administered
• Used on patients with extreme schizophrenia, high
  anxiety or uncontrollably violent patients.
• Lobotomy - PBS documentary
• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) brief electric
  current is sent through the brain of an
  anesthetized person.
• maj depressive disorder and ECT
• Used for severe depression
• ECT

27
Biomedical (Biological / Somatic Therapy)

• Psychopharmacology (Drug Therapy) the study of
  the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior (p.
  686 review double-blind technique)
• Antianxiety drugs Xanax, Valium (barbiturates)
  depress the central nervous system (Rep.687)
• Antidepressant drugs Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil (all
  three are SSRIs increase the amount of
  serotonin) MAO inhibitors (inhibits the breakdown
  of serotonin)- Do antidepressants help teens or
  hurt them Re 686)
• Antipsychotic drugs Thorazine (Chlorpromazine),
  Haldol (Haloperidol) block receptor sites for
  dopamine Antagonist drugs
• Mood Stabilizers Lithium (used to treat bipolar
  disorder)

28
review

• YOUTUBE- Bellevue- inside and out