Psychological Disorders

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Psychological Disorders

• Psychological Disorder
• a harmful dysfunction in which behavior is
  judged to be
• atypical--not enough in itself
• disturbing--varies with time and culture
• maladaptive--harmful
• unjustifiable--sometimes theres a good reason

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Historical Perspective

• Perceived Causes
• movements of sun or moon
• lunacy--full moon
• evil spirits
• Ancient Treatments
• exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned,
  castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with
  animals blood

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Historical Perspective

• Trephination

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Psychological Disorders

• Medical Model
• concept that diseases have physical causes
• can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases,
  cured
• assumes that these mental illnesses can be
  diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and
  cured through therapy, which may include
  treatment in a psychiatric hospital

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Psychological Disorders

• Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
• assumes that biological, sociocultural, and
  psychological factors combine and interact to
  produce psychological disorders

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Psychological Disorders
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Psychological Disorders--Etiology

• DSM-V
• American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and
  Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth
  Edition)
• a widely used system for classifying
  psychological disorders

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5 Levels of the DSM-V Axes

• DSM-V
• American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and
  Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth
  Edition)
• a widely used system for classifying
  psychological disorders

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5 Levels of the DSM-V Axes

• DSM-V
• American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and
  Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth
  Edition)
• a w

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Anxiety Disorders

• Anxiety Disorders (5 Types)
• distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive
  behaviors that reduce anxiety
• 1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of
  autonomic nervous system arousal

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Anxiety Disorders

• 2. Panic Disorder
• marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread
  in which a person experiences terror and
  accompanying chest pain, choking, or other
  frightening sensation

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Anxiety Disorders

• 3. Phobia
• persistent, irrational fear of a specific object
  or situation

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Anxiety Disorders

• Common and uncommon fears

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Anxiety Disorders

• 4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or
  actions (compulsions)

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Anxiety Disorders
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Anxiety Disorders

• 5. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal,
  jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that linger for 4
  weeks or more after a traumatic experience
• Combat veterans
• Accident/disaster survivors
• Violent assaults
• Sexual assaults

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Understanding Anxiety Disorders

• 1. Learning Perspective
• A. Fear Conditioning
• Stimulus generalization
• Reinforcement
• Escaping the feared situation reduces anxiety
• B. Observational Learning

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Understanding Anxiety Disorders

• 2. Biological Perspective
• A. Natural Selection
• B. Genes influence level of neurotransmitters
• C. Brain an over-arousal of brain areas
  involved in impulse control and habitual behaviors

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Understanding Anxiety Disorders
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Mood Disorders

• Mood Disorders
• characterized by emotional extremes
• Major Depressive Disorder
• a mood disorder in which a person, for no
  apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of
  depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and
  diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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Mood Disorders

• Manic Episode
• a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly
  optimistic state
• Bipolar Disorder
• a mood disorder in which the person alternates
  between the hopelessness and lethargy of
  depression and the overexcited state of mania
• formerly called manic-depressive disorder

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Mood Disorders-Depression
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Mood Disorders-Depression

• Canadian depression rates

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Mood Disorders- Suicide
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Mood Disorders-Bipolar

• PET scans show that brain energy consumption
  rises and falls with emotional switches

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Mood Disorders-Depression

• Altering any one component of the
  chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the
  others

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Mood Disorders-Depression

• The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at
  any point

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Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative Disorders
• conscious awareness becomes separated
  (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts,
  and feelings
• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• rare dissociative disorder in which a person
  exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
  personalities
• formerly called multiple personality disorder

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Schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia
• literal translation split mind
• a group of severe disorders characterized by
• disorganized and delusional thinking
• disturbed perceptions
• inappropriate emotions and actions

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Schizophrenia

• Delusions
• false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur,
  that may accompany psychotic disorders
• Hallucinations
• sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

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Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
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Personality Disorders

• Personality Disorders
• disorders characterized by inflexible and
  enduring behavior patterns that impair social
  functioning
• usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

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Personality Disorders

• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• disorder in which the person (usually man)
  exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing,
  even toward friends and family members
• may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con
  artist

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Personality Disorders

• Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed
  relatively low arousal

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Personality Disorders

• PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a
  murderers frontal cortex

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Personality Disorders
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Rates of Psychological Disorders