Title: ?11? ?????????? Polarography and Voltammetry
1?11? ??????????Polarography and
Voltammetry
2- 1922? ????? J.Heyrovský (?????)
- 1925? J.Heyrovský ????? ?????V301
- 1934? Ilkovic(????)?? ????
- 1941? I.M.Kolthoff, J.J.Lingane ???
- 1950? ?? ?? ?????
- 50?? J.Heyrovský ?????
- 1959? J.Heyrovský???????(69?)
- 1962? J.Heyrovský, J.Kuta ?????
- 1967? J.Heyrovský??
3?11? ???????????Polarography and Voltammetry
- 11-1 ??????????
- 11-2 ???????????
- 11-3 ???????
- 11-4 ????????????
- 1 ???????????????
- 2 ??????????????
- 3 ???????? ?1/2
- ?????????
- ?????????????
4?11? ???????????
- ????(???)
-
200mV/min?????? - ???????
-
????????? - ??
- ????
- ???????
- ????
5?11? ???????????11-1 ????????
- ?????(1)
-
i - V
- A
- Pt ? Pt ?
- ?? ??
???? U - CuSO4 0.1
mol/L - H 2 mol/L
6?11? ???????????11-1 ????????
- 1 ????? (2)
- SCE 2Hg2Cl--2e?Hg2Cl2 DME Cd
2Hg 2e ? Cd(Hg) -
????(???) -
i ??U,??
i , ???? - V
??? 150 ml - A DME
-
???
id - ???
L 10cm
ir - SCE
F?0.030.08mm ?1/2
(vs.SCE) U -
?? 3-5 s,2-3mg/s ,d 0.5-1 mm - ?N2 CdCl3 10-3 mol/L KCl
0.1 mol/L
7?11? ???????????
11-1
????????2 ????
? ????DME,????,????????, ?????????????
????SCE,????,????????????????? ?
????,???? ? ????????????,??10-2 mol/L
????????
- ?????????????
- ????????????,?????
8?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
????????,????DME??????
SCE DME ??? U?
?? - ? ? i R ?????
?mV? ?? ? DME??? ?????,
???? U??? ??????
U? - ?
DME(vs.SCE) 25? ? DME ?? Cd ?
0(0.0591/2)lgCd 2/Cd(Hg)
???? ????
?R???, i R????? ?????????
9?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
? ???? i IUPAC?????? i ???,??????? i ???
Cd2 2e ? Cd
Cd2 c
c Hg
d c0
c0 d x
c ?????c/ ? x
(c- c0 ) /d x
i? ???? ? ????
?
i k ( c - c0 )
10?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
??????? ??????? ??? ??
???? ?? c0 c
c0ltc c00
i0 i ? (c-c0)
/d i? c /d
?i k ( c - c0 )
?i id K c
??????
- ??????? ???? ???? id ?????
11?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
??????? ?????????????????
12?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
?????????? A DME I
C B ??Pt,Au???
B A C ??Pt??? ????
?
13?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
? DME???
?? ? ? ??????,?????,??????????
- ? ? ??????,????????????????
- ? ??????????,??????????
- ?? ?????????
- ? ????
- ????!
- ?????????0.01mg/M3 10-5 mg/L
?20 ? Hg ??? 0.0011 mm-Hg ? 0.015
mg/L(???1500?)
14?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
? ???,??????? 1975? IUPAC?? ??????????-?????,
?? ???????????????
???????? (DME,????,Cs,Ga?30
???) ??????????????????
?????-???????? (?????????????????
?????)
15?11? ??????????? 11-2 ??????????????
id K c
??????
16?11? ??????????? 11-2
??????????????
-
- Ilkovic(????)??
- ---??K ???
- ?Ilkovic?????
-
- ??????
- ?Faraday ?? ??,?????????,??Fick??,??????
??,?? t ??????????,????????,???????????,????.
17?11? ???????????
11-2 ??????????????1.
Ilkovic(????)??
- id K c
-
- id 607 n D 1/2 m 2/3
t 1/6 c
????
?? ?A
10-6 A ???? ??? ?????
mmol/L cm2/s
mg/s s ????? 10-5
2-3 3-5
???????(????)
????????????
?????? I (????) ?????????????
????????
18?11? ???????????
11-2 ??????????????2. id?????
(1)??P id ? P ½
? P ? m 1/P ? t
(2) ?????? ?? ? ???? ? m , t(??? t )
- (3) ??
- D , m , t ??????,?????,
- ?0. 5?,??lt1?
- (4) ??????
- ? D , t ??(???D)
- ??? ????1/D id ? 1/?1/2
- ?????, D???
19?11? ???????????
11-2 ?????????????? 3. ?id
?????? ????? i m ??
?????KCl
- ????? ir
- ??????? if
???? - ???? ic
?10-7 A!!!
- ??? -0.1 -0.2 V
- -0.8 -0.9 V
??
- ??? -1.2 -1.4 V 2H2eH2 ??pH
- ?? ??????? ???????
- ????1/2 lt0.2 V
????,????,???1/2?
20?11? ???????????
11-2 ?????????????? 3. ?id
???? ic
?10-7 A!!!
???????,????????????????????????? ?????,??????????
?????(10-5 mol/L)?????? ????,?????????????,???????
????
-
????????? - ir
??(10-5 mol/L) ?
21?11? ???????????
11-2 ?????????????? 4. ??????
id K c y ax
b0
- ???
????? - ? ?????? id
s / idx cs /cx cx? - ???
????? -
???? ?????
-
????? ?????? - ? ?????(???)
-
???? ???????
22?11? ???????????
11-3 ???????? ?1/2
- ??????
- ?????
?????????????? - ??????
- ??? ?????? ????????????
-
?,???????????? -
- ?????? ???(???)
- ?????? ???(???)
-
- ?????? ????(????)???
- ?? ??????
- ?????????
23?11? ???????????
11-3 ???????? ?1/2
2. ????????????????1
- M n ne ? M (Hg) (??)
- M n ne ? M (?????????)
- M n (n-x)e ? Mx(????????)
- ? Cd2 2e Hg ? Cd (Hg)
?????,??????? -
i ka (Cda0-
Cda) -
Cda???? ????Cda? 0 -
Cda0???? i ka Cda0 -
? Cda0 i / ka -
( ka
607nD1/2m2/3t1/6) - i
ks (Cd2 s- Cd2s0) -
?Cd2s0 ? 0 - Cd2s0 ???? id ks Cd2 s
- Cd2 s ???? ?Cd2s0 (id i )
/ks ( ks 607nD1/2m2/3t1/6)
24?11? ???????????
11-3 ???????? ?1/2
2. ????????????????2
- DME ????,??Cda0 , Cd2s0 ????,?? i
??. - ?DME ?0 RT / nF ln (Cd2s0 fs
aHg) / (Cda0 fa) - aHg??
- ?DME e' RT/nF ln fs / fa RT/nF ln
Cd2s0 / Cda0 - Cda0 i / ka ,Cd2s0 (id i ) /ks
- ?DME e RT/nF ln ka /ks
RT/nF ln (id i ) / i - i id /2 ? ?DME e RT/nF ln ka /ks
?1/2 - ? ?DME ?1/2 RT/nF ln (id i ) / i
?????
25?11? ???????????
11-3 ???????? ?1/2
2. ????????????????3
?1/2
?????? ? ?1/2 ???????,?????????
?????? ? ?1/2 ???????,??????? ?1/2??
????????? DME?????,???1/2 ??? DME??,??????,
?1/2 ??? ?????, ?1/2 ???????p?????Kd?
(??18 -19?)
26?11? ??????????? 11-4
??????????????????????
??????????????????
???????(????) 1. ???????????? ??????? v
???????
t ?????????,?200 mV/min?250
mV/s ???????????????????
??? ????????,?????????
??????????
K ip2.69105 n 3/2 D 1/2V 1/2
m 2/3 t p2/3 c ????? 10-7 mol/L
???,??????,????????
27?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 1. ????????????
? ????? ????????? ??????????,0?v
? 0 v
0
t
???????????? ????????? i
??p 56/n mV
?pc ipa/
ipc 1 ??????????
? ??????????
??????
?pa
-i
28?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 2. ?????
?1938?????? 1952?????? 1962??????
?????????(NPP)???????(DPP) ? ????????????
???????,?? ms ???????? (????
? 40 ms,?????E5-100mV)
??????,??????? i ???????
???? if (????? )
?? if ? ? -1/2 i? ????ic
?? ? ic ? e -? /RC
(RC????,R????,C?????)
??????? iN ?? iN ? ? -n ( ngt1/2)
29?11? ??????????? 3-4
?????????????????????? 2. ?????????????????
????????? i
t
?????40 60 ms
?????E20-100mV ??????????
????tm (????
5mV/s) ?????? i ????
20ms
tm
iN ,iC?i ????
???????tm???
i2iFiNiC ???????
i1iN 'iC' ??????
i2-i1iF
30?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 2. ?????
- ? ???????????
- ?p ?1/2 ?E/2 (??) i
- iDPP
- iDPP(nF)2/4RTA(?E) D1/2(ptm)-1/2 c
- iDPP k c
- ??
?p ? - ????? 10-8mol/L
- ???? 25mV(???200mV??)
- ???????????500001(??Cu??Zn)
- ?????????0.010.001mol/L(???0.11mol/L)
-
???????????
31?11? ??????????? 3-4 ????
?????????????????? 3. ?????
?????? ??? ????? ???? ????
???????? ??????????????????
,??????????,???????
kf ? ?????? Y ? O ne ? R
kb kf ? ??????
O ne ? R ? Y
kb ? ?????? O ne ? R
????,???? ????,
kf ????????????,?
R Z ? O
?????,??????? ???,???????? kb
??????,?? ??????,Z????
?Z????????
32?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 3. ?????
(1)????? ???(?)- ???? ????? ????
Mo(?) e ? Mo(?) ?
k ???? 6 Mo(?)
ClO3- 6H ? 6 Mo(?) 6Cl- 3H2O? i
??,????icgtid30000
0.25 mol/L H2SO4
0.056 mol/L???
3?
KClO3
? ???? 6 10-10 mol/L Mo
Mo,W,V,
Nb,Ta,Re ????? K ic
0.51 n F D1/2 m2/3 t 2/3 k1/2cZ1/2 cO
33?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 3. ?????
(2)???? ?????????(Pt,Ru,Rh,Ir,Pd),??????????????
H?DME?????,???????????,???????
i
2H2eH2 Hg
h?cPt
PtCl4 4ePt 4Cl -
? (vs.SCE)
-1.05? -1.25V
?????????????????, ( ????????? ),????????
?? Brdicka ?-??? ????,???????
34?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 4.?????
1957???????? ????? ???DME ??????
(??????????????????????Au,Pu) ??? 1???
??????(????????????) ???(?????????????)
2????? ??????????? (??????????,????????
??)
35?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 4.?????
???Cd2 i Cd2 2e ? Cd ?
??????-1.0?????
? ???? ,???? ?
??????
???,????
? (vs.SCE) ????15-30?
?1/2-0.75 -1.0V
??? iP
? ?????? ?P
? ??????
?-1.0V????????
?????????????? Cd ? Cd2
2e ?????????
36?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 4.?????
???? ???? ip k1 n3/2 D02/3 ?1/2 ??1/6 DR1/2 r0
v1/2 t c0 ???? ip k2 n2 D02/3
?1/2 ??1/6 A v t c0 ip k
c0 ?????? ???ip??? ?????tt??
???? ???? t??,????,????????????
???? ,???????????? ???????1/2??-0.25
-0.4V ???????V 100200mV/s , V ? iP ??V? ?, ic
? ?????? 600?/min??, ? ? iP ??? ? ?,????
??????10-11mol/L
37?????????? ? ?