?11? ?????????? Polarography and Voltammetry - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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?11? ?????????? Polarography and Voltammetry

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Title: Polarography and Voltammetry Author: michael Last modified by: Image Created Date: 3/3/2001 12:33:25 PM – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: ?11? ?????????? Polarography and Voltammetry


1
?11? ??????????Polarography and
Voltammetry
2
  • 1922? ????? J.Heyrovský (?????)
  • 1925? J.Heyrovský ????? ?????V301
  • 1934? Ilkovic(????)?? ????
  • 1941? I.M.Kolthoff, J.J.Lingane ???
  • 1950? ?? ?? ?????
  • 50?? J.Heyrovský ?????
  • 1959? J.Heyrovský???????(69?)
  • 1962? J.Heyrovský, J.Kuta ?????
  • 1967? J.Heyrovský??

3
?11? ???????????Polarography and Voltammetry
  • 11-1 ??????????
  • 11-2 ???????????
  • 11-3 ???????
  • 11-4 ????????????
  • 1 ???????????????
  • 2 ??????????????
  • 3 ???????? ?1/2
  • ?????????
  • ?????????????

4
?11? ???????????
  • ????(???)

  • 200mV/min??????
  • ???????

  • ?????????
  • ??
  • ????
  • ???????
  • ????

5
?11? ???????????11-1 ????????
  • ?????(1)

  • i
  • V
  • A
  • Pt ? Pt ?
  • ?? ??
    ???? U
  • CuSO4 0.1
    mol/L
  • H 2 mol/L

6
?11? ???????????11-1 ????????
  • 1 ????? (2)
  • SCE 2Hg2Cl--2e?Hg2Cl2 DME Cd
    2Hg 2e ? Cd(Hg)


  • ????(???)

  • i ??U,??
    i , ????
  • V
    ??? 150 ml
  • A DME

  • ???
    id
  • ???
    L 10cm
    ir
  • SCE
    F?0.030.08mm ?1/2
    (vs.SCE) U

  • ?? 3-5 s,2-3mg/s ,d 0.5-1 mm
  • ?N2 CdCl3 10-3 mol/L KCl
    0.1 mol/L

7
?11? ???????????
11-1
????????2 ????
? ????DME,????,????????, ?????????????
????SCE,????,????????????????? ?
????,???? ? ????????????,??10-2 mol/L
????????
  • ?????????????
  • ????????????,?????

8
?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
????????,????DME??????
SCE DME ??? U?
?? - ? ? i R ?????
?mV? ?? ? DME??? ?????,
???? U??? ??????
U? - ?
DME(vs.SCE) 25? ? DME ?? Cd ?
0(0.0591/2)lgCd 2/Cd(Hg)
???? ????
?R???, i R????? ?????????
9
?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
? ???? i IUPAC?????? i ???,??????? i ???
Cd2 2e ? Cd
Cd2 c
c Hg
d c0
c0 d x
c ?????c/ ? x
(c- c0 ) /d x
i? ???? ? ????
?
i k ( c - c0 )

10
?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
??????? ??????? ??? ??
???? ?? c0 c
c0ltc c00
i0 i ? (c-c0)
/d i? c /d
?i k ( c - c0 )
?i id K c

??????
  • ??????? ???? ???? id ?????

11
?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
??????? ?????????????????
  • ?DME?,?????????
  • Pt Au???

12
?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
?????????? A DME I
C B ??Pt,Au???
B A C ??Pt??? ????

?
  • ????
  • ???!!!
  • ???????????
  • A ??
  • B,C ????
  • ??????

13
?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
? DME???
?? ? ? ??????,?????,??????????
  • ? ? ??????,????????????????
  • ? ??????????,??????????
  • ?? ?????????
  • ? ????
  • ????!
  • ?????????0.01mg/M3 10-5 mg/L
    ?20 ? Hg ??? 0.0011 mm-Hg ? 0.015
    mg/L(???1500?)

14
?11? ???????????
11-1
???????? 3 ???
? ???,??????? 1975? IUPAC?? ??????????-?????,
?? ???????????????
???????? (DME,????,Cs,Ga?30
???) ??????????????????
?????-???????? (?????????????????
?????)

15
?11? ??????????? 11-2 ??????????????
id K c
??????
  • K ??????????
  • ?????? K ?????

16
?11? ??????????? 11-2
??????????????
  • Ilkovic(????)??
  • ---??K ???
  • ?Ilkovic?????

  • ??????
  • ?Faraday ?? ??,?????????,??Fick??,??????
    ??,?? t ??????????,????????,???????????,????.

17
?11? ???????????
11-2 ??????????????1.
Ilkovic(????)??
  • id K c
  • id 607 n D 1/2 m 2/3
    t 1/6 c

????
?? ?A
10-6 A ???? ??? ?????
mmol/L cm2/s
mg/s s ????? 10-5
2-3 3-5


???????(????)
????????????
?????? I (????) ?????????????
????????
18
?11? ???????????
11-2 ??????????????2. id?????
(1)??P id ? P ½
? P ? m 1/P ? t
(2) ?????? ?? ? ???? ? m , t(??? t )
  • (3) ??
  • D , m , t ??????,?????,
  • ?0. 5?,??lt1?
  • (4) ??????
  • ? D , t ??(???D)
  • ??? ????1/D id ? 1/?1/2
  • ?????, D???

19
?11? ???????????
11-2 ?????????????? 3. ?id
?????? ????? i m ??
?????KCl
  • ????? ir
  • ??????? if
    ????
  • ???? ic
    ?10-7 A!!!
  • ??? ?????PVA
  • ??? -0.1 -0.2 V
  • -0.8 -0.9 V
    ??
  • ??? -1.2 -1.4 V 2H2eH2 ??pH
  • ?? ??????? ???????
  • ????1/2 lt0.2 V
    ????,????,???1/2?

20
?11? ???????????
11-2 ?????????????? 3. ?id
???? ic
?10-7 A!!!
???????,????????????????????????? ?????,??????????
?????(10-5 mol/L)?????? ????,?????????????,???????
????

  • ?????????
  • ir
    ??(10-5 mol/L) ?

21
?11? ???????????
11-2 ?????????????? 4. ??????

id K c y ax
b0
  • ???
    ?????
  • ? ?????? id
    s / idx cs /cx cx?
  • ???
    ?????

  • ???? ?????

  • ????? ??????
  • ? ?????(???)

  • ???? ???????

22
?11? ???????????
11-3 ???????? ?1/2
  • ??????
  • ?????
    ??????????????
  • ??????
  • ??? ?????? ????????????

  • ?,????????????
  • ?????? ???(???)
  • ?????? ???(???)
  • ?????? ????(????)???
  • ?? ??????
  • ?????????

23
?11? ???????????
11-3 ???????? ?1/2
2. ????????????????1
  • M n ne ? M (Hg) (??)
  • M n ne ? M (?????????)
  • M n (n-x)e ? Mx(????????)
  • ? Cd2 2e Hg ? Cd (Hg)
    ?????,???????

  • i ka (Cda0-
    Cda)

  • Cda???? ????Cda? 0

  • Cda0???? i ka Cda0

  • ? Cda0 i / ka

  • ( ka
    607nD1/2m2/3t1/6)
  • i
    ks (Cd2 s- Cd2s0)

  • ?Cd2s0 ? 0
  • Cd2s0 ???? id ks Cd2 s
  • Cd2 s ???? ?Cd2s0 (id i )
    /ks ( ks 607nD1/2m2/3t1/6)

24
?11? ???????????
11-3 ???????? ?1/2
2. ????????????????2
  • DME ????,??Cda0 , Cd2s0 ????,?? i
    ??.
  • ?DME ?0 RT / nF ln (Cd2s0 fs
    aHg) / (Cda0 fa)
  • aHg??
  • ?DME e' RT/nF ln fs / fa RT/nF ln
    Cd2s0 / Cda0
  • Cda0 i / ka ,Cd2s0 (id i ) /ks
  • ?DME e RT/nF ln ka /ks
    RT/nF ln (id i ) / i
  • i id /2 ? ?DME e RT/nF ln ka /ks
    ?1/2
  • ? ?DME ?1/2 RT/nF ln (id i ) / i
    ?????

25
?11? ???????????
11-3 ???????? ?1/2
2. ????????????????3
?1/2
?????? ? ?1/2 ???????,?????????

?????? ? ?1/2 ???????,??????? ?1/2??

????????? DME?????,???1/2 ??? DME??,??????,
?1/2 ??? ?????, ?1/2 ???????p?????Kd?

(??18 -19?)
26
?11? ??????????? 11-4
??????????????????????
??????????????????
???????(????) 1. ???????????? ??????? v
???????
t ?????????,?200 mV/min?250
mV/s ???????????????????
??? ????????,?????????
??????????
K ip2.69105 n 3/2 D 1/2V 1/2
m 2/3 t p2/3 c ????? 10-7 mol/L
???,??????,????????
27
?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 1. ????????????
? ????? ????????? ??????????,0?v
? 0 v
0
t
???????????? ????????? i
??p 56/n mV
?pc ipa/
ipc 1 ??????????
? ??????????
??????
?pa
-i
28
?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 2. ?????
?1938?????? 1952?????? 1962??????
?????????(NPP)???????(DPP) ? ????????????
???????,?? ms ???????? (????
? 40 ms,?????E5-100mV)
??????,??????? i ???????
???? if (????? )
?? if ? ? -1/2 i? ????ic
?? ? ic ? e -? /RC
(RC????,R????,C?????)
??????? iN ?? iN ? ? -n ( ngt1/2)
29
?11? ??????????? 3-4
?????????????????????? 2. ?????????????????
????????? i

t

?????40 60 ms
?????E20-100mV ??????????
????tm (????
5mV/s) ?????? i ????
20ms
tm
iN ,iC?i ????
???????tm???

i2iFiNiC ???????
i1iN 'iC' ??????

i2-i1iF
30
?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 2. ?????
  • ? ???????????
  • ?p ?1/2 ?E/2 (??) i
  • iDPP
  • iDPP(nF)2/4RTA(?E) D1/2(ptm)-1/2 c
  • iDPP k c
  • ??
    ?p ?
  • ????? 10-8mol/L
  • ???? 25mV(???200mV??)
  • ???????????500001(??Cu??Zn)
  • ?????????0.010.001mol/L(???0.11mol/L)

  • ???????????

31
?11? ??????????? 3-4 ????
?????????????????? 3. ?????
?????? ??? ????? ???? ????
???????? ??????????????????
,??????????,???????
kf ? ?????? Y ? O ne ? R
kb kf ? ??????
O ne ? R ? Y
kb ? ?????? O ne ? R
????,???? ????,
kf ????????????,?
R Z ? O
?????,??????? ???,???????? kb
??????,?? ??????,Z????
?Z????????

32
?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 3. ?????
(1)????? ???(?)- ???? ????? ????
Mo(?) e ? Mo(?) ?
k ???? 6 Mo(?)
ClO3- 6H ? 6 Mo(?) 6Cl- 3H2O? i

??,????icgtid30000
0.25 mol/L H2SO4

0.056 mol/L???
3?
KClO3

? ???? 6 10-10 mol/L Mo
Mo,W,V,
Nb,Ta,Re ????? K ic
0.51 n F D1/2 m2/3 t 2/3 k1/2cZ1/2 cO
33
?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 3. ?????
(2)???? ?????????(Pt,Ru,Rh,Ir,Pd),??????????????
H?DME?????,???????????,???????
i

2H2eH2 Hg
h?cPt
PtCl4 4ePt 4Cl -
? (vs.SCE)

-1.05? -1.25V
?????????????????, ( ????????? ),????????
?? Brdicka ?-??? ????,???????
34
?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 4.?????
1957???????? ????? ???DME ??????
(??????????????????????Au,Pu) ??? 1???
??????(????????????) ???(?????????????)
2????? ??????????? (??????????,????????
??)
35
?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 4.?????
???Cd2 i Cd2 2e ? Cd ?
??????-1.0?????
? ???? ,???? ?
??????
???,????
? (vs.SCE) ????15-30?
?1/2-0.75 -1.0V
??? iP
? ?????? ?P
? ??????

?-1.0V????????
?????????????? Cd ? Cd2
2e ?????????
36
?11? ??????????? 1 3-4
?????????????????????? 4.?????
???? ???? ip k1 n3/2 D02/3 ?1/2 ??1/6 DR1/2 r0
v1/2 t c0 ???? ip k2 n2 D02/3
?1/2 ??1/6 A v t c0 ip k
c0 ?????? ???ip??? ?????tt??
???? ???? t??,????,????????????
???? ,???????????? ???????1/2??-0.25
-0.4V ???????V 100200mV/s , V ? iP ??V? ?, ic
? ?????? 600?/min??, ? ? iP ??? ? ?,????
??????10-11mol/L
37
?????????? ? ?
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