Facing the Holocaust:

1
Facing the Holocaust

• Why Genocide?

2
(No Transcript)
3
The Aftermath of World War I A Devastated
Germany
German citizens experiencing economic troubles
c. 1925
4
German Pride Suffers

• Loss of WWI was a shock to Germans promised
  victory by government
• Severe terms of Treaty of Versailles were hard
  for Germans to accept
• Money worthless one billion marks to equal one
  dollar

5
Hitlers Early Years
Portrait of Adolph Hitler entitled Our Leader
6
Hitlers Early Years

• Close to mother she died of cancer in 1907, he
  blamed her Jewish doctor
• Chose the swastika as the Nazi symbol
• Said that Jews were responsible for the defeat in
  WWI because they didnt fight for Germany
  untrue German Jews had casualty rate 11 times
  higher than general population
• Blamed economy on Jews Jewish businessmen
  prolonged the war so they could profit from it

7
Hitler Rises to Power
Head of the S.S. Heinrich Himmler
S.S. Chief Viktor Lutze
Deputy Fuhrer Rudolf Hess
8
Nazi Ideology Permeates German Society
9
Nazi Propaganda

• Used posters, movies, rallies, and organizations
  to spread idea of superiority of German race
  Jews seen as impure
• All newspapers had to support Nazis
• Foreign papers banned
• Textbooks rewritten
• Childrens stories taught the dangers of Jews
  Trust No Fox and No Jew
• Board games had Jewish monsters that attacked
  German children

10
Jews are Isolated and Attacked
"The Jew He instigates war, he extends war.
11
Anti-Semitic Propaganda

• Jews were pictured as dark-haired, fat, and evil.
  They were often depicted as rats or insects.
• Hitler ordered good Germans to boycott Jewish
  businesses
• Nuremburg laws systematically stripped Jews of
  rights werent allowed to marry Germans, they
  werent citizens, their property was taken away,
  and they were restricted from public places
• Required to wear yellow Stars of David on their
  clothing
• Jews provided a rationale, in Hitlers mind, for
  his military invasions

12
Attacks on Jews Escalate
Damaged storefront after Kristallnacht
13
Kristallnacht

• Said to be in retaliation for assassination of a
  German embassy official in Paris by a Jewish
  student
• Jews forced to pay for the damage (400,000,000)
• Germans portrayed as spontaneous, but it was
  planned for weeks
• Many Jews realized they werent safe and fled to
  places like Britain, Palestine, Canada, and the
  U.S.

14
Jews Are Forced into Ghettos and Camps
Captive Jewish boy from the Warsaw Ghetto marches
off in 1943
15
Jews Pushed into Ghettos

• Jews were sent to live in sealed-off areas called
  ghettos. Conditions were unsanitary and crowded
  executions were common
• Ghettos were temporary housing until
  extermination could begin
• By 1939, Jews from northern and western Europe
  were moved to ghettos in eastern Europe
• Jews tried to revolt, but none were successful

16
The Horrors of Concentration Camps
Prisoners at work at Dachau, 10 miles outside
Munich, Germany
17
Concentration Camps Established

• First camp established at Dachau in 1933
• Inmates were used to support the war industry
• Workers were starved, tortured, worked to death,
  and, most often, murdered
• Nazi doctors used Jews for human experimentation
• Conditions at the camps varied, but killings
  occurred at all camps
• Auschwitz-Birkenau was designed as a death camp

18

• Physicians would examine prisoners and decide who
  could work. Young children were usually sent to
  death because they could not work.
• Belongings were seized and sold by the Germans
  watches were sent to German troops, gold from
  teeth was melted into bars, hair was cut and used
  to make mattresses
• Performed physical labor, like mining period of
  three months deprived of necessities, many died
  while working

19
Resistance in the Camps
Ella Gärtner and Róza Robota, two women who took
part in the Auschwitz Revolt. Both were killed
for their involvement.
20
Resistance in the Camps

• Resistance was difficult in the camps
• Civilians in surrounding areas were subject to
  death with no trial for assisting a prisoner
• Prisoners who attempted resistance were always
  executed
• Many prisoners engaged in acts of resistance

21
The Final Solution
Crematoriums used to burn bodies in a
concentration camp
22
The Systemization of Killing

• According to Hitler, the Final Solution, the
  extermination of all Jewish people, would restore
  Germanys greatness
• At the beginning, Jews were executed in mass
  shootings rounded up, transported to a ditch,
  and shot in groups of 500
• Decided this wasnt an efficient system decided
  to construct death camps

23
Arrival at Auschwitz

• Prisoners separated into two groups workers, and
  those to be killed
• Those to be killed were told they needed to bathe
  and were led to gas chambers that looked like
  bath houses could hold 3,000 at a time
• They were told to fold their clothes and remember
  where they put them and given towels and bars of
  soap
• Once locked inside, Cyclon B was used to
  asphyxiate them

24

• Special units of prisoners removed the bodies
• Taken to crematoriums, where the bodies were
  burned Nazis wanted it to be impossible for
  someone in the future to determine the number of
  deaths
• In the end, 6 million Jews and 4-6 million
  non-Jewish civilians, such as Gypsies,
  handicapped, and homosexuals, were killed

25
Liberation
Dachau prisoners cheer the liberating U.S. Army
26
Attempt to Hide Atrocities

• At the end of the war, Hitler was determined to
  continue his killing of the Jews and cover up
  evidence.
• Several thousand prisoners were killed in the
  last days.
• In some cases, Nazis had altered camps, but in
  many, the remains of bodies were left in ovens
  and the killing process could be seen.
• The Allied nations all made films of what they
  found in the concentration camps.

27
The Nuremberg Trials

• Trials were a part of an aim to establish a
  record of what the Nazis did during the war and
  to punish individuals who were involved.
• Many Nazi records were captured, so there was
  plenty of evidence, like minutes from meetings,
  photographs, and film.
• 22 were tried 12 sentenced to death, 3 to life
  in prison, 4 to lesser terms, and 3 were acquitted

28
Bodies of prisoners in the Buchenwald camp. The
bodies were about to be burned when the camp was
captured by the U.S. Army.
29
Wedding rings of captured Jews
30
The arrival and processing of a transport of Jews
at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland in May 1944
31
Prisoners in their bunks at Dachau
32
German soldier killing a Jewish mother
and her child
33
A German policeman shoots Jewish women who
remain alive after a mass execution.
34
Mass grave in the Belsen camp
35
German soldiers torture a Jew in Poland
36
German soldiers cut off the beard of a Jew in
Poland
37
Two Jewish pupils are humiliated before their
classmates. The inscription on the blackboard
reads "The Jew is our greatest enemy, beware of
the Jew".
38
A synagogue burns in Siegen, Germany, on
Kristallnacht
39
Children subjected to medical experiments in
Auschwitz
40
Medical experiments in Dachau. In order to test
how pilots who have to eject from their planes
will fare, doctors simulated high-altitude
conditions and exposed people to these
conditions. Many prisoners died during such
experiments.
41
The main entrance of Auschwitz Camp, with its
motto "Work Will Set You Free."
42
Jewish women - Some are holding infants as they
are forced to wait in a line before their
execution. 
43
At Dachau concentration camp, two U.S. soldiers
gaze at Jews who died on board a death train.
44
Dachau survivor on the day of liberation.
45
Dachau survivors on the day of liberation.
46
Chart of prisoner markings from Dachau
concentration camp
47
SS officer Eichelsdoerfer stands among the
corpses of prisoners killed in his camp
48
Interior of the barracks at Auschwitz
49
Corpses of women in Barrack 11 at Auschwitz
50
An American soldier stands above the corpses of
children that are to be buried in a mass grave
51
Two survivors lie among corpses on the
straw-covered floor