Vazivo

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Essentials of light microscopy Connective tissue
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Instructions

• Turn on the light.
• Lower the stage all the way using the coarse
  focus knob.
• Start with the 4x objective. Put the slide on
  the stage, held in place by the little spring
  clip. Make sure both the slide and the stage are
  dry.
• Move your sample until you can see that the
  light is shining through it. Do this before you
  even put your eyes to the oculars.
• Look through the scope and focus. Use the coarse
  focus knob at first, until the image is more or
  less in focus then switch to the fine focus.
• Look at the whole slide on the lowest power, so
  you get an overview before you switch to higher
  magnification.
• Adjust the light. Not too bright, not too dim.
• Adjust the oculars.
• Don't use the 100x!
• Switch to the 10x objective. If the slide is in
  focus with the 4x, it should be more or less in
  focus when you switch to the 10x. A slight
  adjustment with the fine focus knob should get it
  just right. If you lose the focus and can't see
  your specimen at all, go back to the 4x and start
  again.
• Switch to the 40x objective if you want to see
  more detail. It's up to you to decide what
  magnification is best for what you want to see.
• When you want to look at a new slide, switch
  back to the 4x before changing slides.
• When you're done with the scope, switch to the
  4x, turn the light all the way down before
  turning it off, and bring the stage all the way
  down. Don't put away the scope with a slide still
  on the stage!
• Only one slide is out of the box at the moment.
  Do not remove more!
• At the end of lesson, the box with slides is
  checked in your presence before you leave your
  place

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Tissues

• Connective tissue
• connective tissue proper
• cartilage
• bone
• Epithelial tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nerve tissue

types of the connective tissue
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Connective tissue proper
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Connective tissue cells

• Fixed cells
• fibroblasts and fibrocytes
• reticular cells
• pigment cells
• undiferentiated mesenchymal cells
• adipocytes /fat cells/
• univacuolar
• multivacuolar

• Wandering cells /mobile/
• histiocytes /makrophages/
• heparinocytes /mast cells /
• plasma cells
• leukocytes
• lymphocytes
• eosinophils
• neutrophils

responsible for production extracellular
components
involved in tissue reaction to injury, defensive
reaction
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Fibrocytes

• spindle-shaped, long processes, ovoid pale
  nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm, the components of
  the ground substance, collagen, elastic and
  reticular fibres are synthesised by cells of the
  c.t. - the fibroblasts /fibrocytes/.

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Reticular cells
X not RETIKULOCYTES

• Reticular cells are usually larger than an
  average fibrocyte. They are the "fibrocytes" of
  reticular connective tissue and form a network of
  reticular fibres, for example, in the lymphoid
  organs. Some of them are able to phagocytose.
• Their nuclei are typically large and lightly
  stained.

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Pigment cells

• long branched cytoplasmic projections
• melanin granules
• derived from neural crest /neuroectodermal origin/

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Adipocytes
univacuolar
multivacuolar
are present in brown adipose tissue embryo,
child to 3 years
large up to 100 µm, spherical shape
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Macrophages /histiocytes/

• They have irregular shape, small hyperchromatic
  /dark/ nucleus, numerous secondary lysosomes
  /phagocytic vacuoles/

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Mast cells /heparinocytes/

• The cytoplasm of mast cells is filled by numerous
  granules. Mast cells discharge the contents of
  these granules if they come in contact with
  antigens.
• The most prominent substances contained in the
  vesicles are heparin and histamine. They increase
  blood flow and the permeability of the vessel
  walls.

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Mast cells
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Plasma cells
B-lymphocyte

• plasma cells are lymphocytes which produce
  antibodies
• to accommodate the necessary organelles for this
  function the size of the cytoplasm increases
  dramatically and the cells become basophilic
  /GER/
• nucleus is ovoid, located peripherly, clumps of
  peripheral heterochromatin like a wheel or
  clockface

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collagen fibres
Extracellular substance
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collagen fibres
in LM
AZAN
HE
HES
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reticular fibres
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reticular fibres
lien /spleen/
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elastic fibres
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elastic fibres
aorta
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Ground substance

• is found in all cavities and clefts between the
  fibres and cells of connective tissues
• glycosaminoglycans /GAGs/
• hyaluronic acid
• chondroitin 4-sulfate / chondroitin 6-sulfate/
• dermatan sulfate
• heparan sulfate
• proteoglycans /protein core to which GAGs are
  covalently bound/ - aggrecan,
  syndecan, fibroglycan
• glycoproteins fibronectin,
  laminin, osteonectin, osteopontin, chondronectin..

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Connective tissue - types

• Mesenchyme
• Mucous connective tissue - occurence umbilical
  cord, dental pulp, iris of eye
• Loose /areolar/ connective tissue
• wide spread, within various parenchymal organs
  /kidney, glands,../, parts of mucosa, submucosa
  of hollow organs../
• Dense connective tissue
• Irregular arranged dermis, capsules of organs,
  periosteum, fasciae..
• Regular arranged tendons, ligaments,
  aponeuroses..
• Elastic connective tissue vocal cords, large
  arteries..
• Reticular connective tissue lymphatic organs,
  bone marrow
• Adipose tissue

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Mesenchyme
Components mesenchymal cells, fluid ground
substance, reticular fibers
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Mucous connective tissue
Wharton's jelly
Occurence dental pulp, iris of eye
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Loose connective tissue
gullet
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Loose connective tissue
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Dense connective tissue - regular
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Dense connective tissue - irregular
sclera
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Dense connective tissue - irregular
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Elastic connective tissue
aorta
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Reticular connective tissue
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Adipose tissue
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