Phonetics and Phonology ??? ???

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Phonetics and Phonology??? ???

• Chapter 2

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Phonetics vs. Phonology Definition

• Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human
  languages how they are produced, transmitted and
  how they are received.
• Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in
  a language form patterns and how these sounds are
  used to convey meaning in linguistic
  communication.
• Distinction meaning

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Phonetics vs. Phonology Essential Concepts

• Phonetics
• -- voiceless vs. voiced
• Phonology
• -- phoneme
• -- suprasegmental features

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• Ex.
• too ? tea ?? /t/
• ?too??/t/?, ?????????
• ?tea??/t/?,?????????
• ????????/t/???????, ?????too??/u/???/i/,?????tea
  ?

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• Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,
  transmitted, and perceived.

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Fields of Phonetics (p. 44)

• Articulatory phonetics (?????)
• -- speakers production
• Acoustic phonetics (?????)
• -- transmissions medium
• Auditory phonetics (?????)
• -- receivers reception

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Articulation of Sounds(p.45)

• Speech organs

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(No Transcript)
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Position of the vocal folds (p. 45) voiceless
(??) and voicing(??)
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• The distinction between vowels and consonants
  lies in the obstruction of airstream.
• As there is no obstruction of air in the
  production of vowels, the description of the
  consonants and vowels cannot be done along the
  same lines.

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Description of Consonants (p.53)

• Three steps
• -- voiced or voiceless
• -- place of articulation
• -- manner of articulation

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?
?
k g
t d
p b
t? d?
? ?
s z
? ð
f v
?
n
m
l
r
j
w
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Description of Vowels (p. 52)
1. Openness of oral cavity Close, open / Low,
mid, high

•  

2. Tongue retraction and extension Front,
central, back
3. Lip rounding rounded, unrounded
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• 4. the number of vowels
• Monophthongs
• i, ?, u, ?, ? --long
  vowel
• i, ?, ?, e, æ, ?, u --short
  vowel
• Diphthongs
• ei, ai, ?i, ??, u?, i?, au, ?u
• Triphthongs
• Fire fai?, hour au?, loir l?i????,
• lower l?u?, mayor mei?m??

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• In each of the following pairs of words, the bold
  italicized sounds differ by one or more phonetic
  properties(features). Give the symbol for each of
  the italicized sounds, state their differences
  and, in addition, state what properties they have
  in common.
• Example phone-phonic
• The o in phone is mid and unrounded
• The o in phonic is low and rounded
• Both are back vowels.

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• bathbathe
• reducereduction
• coolcold
• catsdogs
• impoliteindecent

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• English has a number of expressions such as
  chit-chat and flip-flop which never seem to
  occur in the reverse order(i.e. chat-chit,
  flop-flip). Here are more examples of this kind
• criss-cross hip-hop riff-raff
  
• dilly-dally knick-knacks see-saw
• ding-dong mish-mash sing-song
• fiddle-faddle ping-pong tick-tock
• flim-flam piter-patter zig-zag
• Explain why the expressions never occur in the
  reverse order.

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Explanation

• In the ablaut reduplications, the first vowel is
  almost always a high vowel and the reduplicated
  ablaut variant of the vowel is a low vowel. There
  is also a tendency for the first vowel to be
  front and the second vowel to be back.

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Phonology

• Phone (p. 64) A phone is a phonetic unit or
  segment. All the speech sounds we produce are
  phones. Take the sounds in the following words
  for example feel, leaf, top, stop f i l
  s t.

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Phonology (p. 56-8)

• Phoneme(??) phonological and abstract unit, a
  unit of distinctive value the smallest unit of
  sound in a language which can distinguish two
  words.
• ??
• beat vs. seat, pig vs. peg,
• Phonemes are usually put between two slashes /p/
  /b/ /?/ ð /

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Allophone (p. 57)

• Phonemes are abstract units and cannot be read
  out. Its realization in certain phonetic
  environments results in allophones, variants of
  the phoneme. Allophones are put between two
  brackets. p ph, tth, k
• Ex.
• -- pin phin vs. stop st?p
• -- cape kheip vs. kick khik
• -- bad bæd vs. bed bed

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More Examples
scar k class kh skin c kiss ch
cocktail k? factory c?
give garden g
/g/
/k/
spit p pity ph stop talking p?
/p/
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More examples
lead l milk
stop t top th written ? get to
t? eighth
/l/
pet e pen
/ t /
/e/
meat m comfort
/m/
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Change the following phonemic transcriptions into
phonetic transcriptions

• (a) /tip/
• (b) /bin/
• (c) /kis/
• (d) /wik/
• (e) /fel/

• thip
• bin
• khis
• wi k?
• fel

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Minimal Pairs (p. 58)

• Minimal Pairs If two words are identical in form
  except for one sound segment that occurs in the
  same place in the string. i.e. fine vs. vine
  crick vs. creek, bowl vs. dole lobe vs. load
  thigh vs. thy
• Minimal set beat, bit, bait, bet, bat, bite

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Complementary Distribution (p. 64)

• If two or more phones never occur in the same
  phonological context, they are in complementary
  distribution.
• 1. Allophones of one phoneme
• -- aspirated and unaspirated stops
• 2. The velar nasal ? and the glottal glide h
  

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sing / hat
tar / star
tar / car
written/written
(p. 59)
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Distinctive Features (p. 60)?????

• A distinctive feature is a feature which
  distinguishes one phoneme from another.

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List features that can differentiate the
following pairs of sounds

• /-voiced/, /voiced/
• /nasal/, /-nasal/
• /front//-rounded/, /-front//rounded/
• /high/, /-high/
• /front/, /-front/
• /sibilant/, /-sibilant/

• /k/, /g/
• /n/, /l/
• /i/, /u/
• /i/, /e/
• /æ/, /?/
• /s/, /f/

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Sequential Constraints (p. 62)

• Explain why churchchurches, oozeoozes,
• kisskisses, but deathdeaths, cloth--clothes
• Sibilants ? ? s z ? ? are not allowed
  to be followed by another sibilant, but ? and
  ð arent sibilants (???).

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Homorganic Consonants (p.63)

• Explain why im-possible, im-moral,
• but in-decisive, in-tangible
• The phoneme following the negative prefix (im or
  in) must have the same place of articulation with
  n or m.
• This constraint leads to assimilation (??) p.51
• ?in-discrete?,n??n
• ?in-conceivable?,n???
• ?in-put?,n??m

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Suprasegmental features (?????) p. 65

• Suprasegmental features non-segmental phonemic
  features that occur above the level of the
  segments

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Syllable ?? (p. 66)

• step
• /st/ /e/ p/
• onset peak coda

Syllable (onset)?? peak??? (coda)??
syllable core
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Word Stress (p. 67)

• The location of stress in English distinguishes
  meaning, e.g. a shift in stress in English may
  change the part of speech of a word
• Ex.
• verb im5port in5crease re5bel
  re5cord
• noun 5import 5increase 5rebel
  5record
• Compounds have initial stress while adj. nouns
  stress the noun, eg.
• -- hotdog a kind of food --
  White House
• -- hot dog an overheated dog -- white
  house

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Sentence Stress (p. 68)

• Sentence stress----Generally, nouns, main verbs,
  adjectives, adverbs, numerals, and demonstrative
  pronouns are stressed. Other categories like
  articles, person pronouns, auxiliary verbs,
  prepositions, and conjunctions are usually not
  stressed.
• Note for pragmatic reason, this rule is not
  always right, e.g. we may stress any part in the
  following sentences
• He is driving my car.
• My mother bought me a new skirt yesterday.

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Pitch and Intonation

• The meaning of a pitch will strongly be affected
  by the context in which it appears.
• yes yes yes yes
  yes
• Fall low rise level high rise
  rise fall
• Agree go on bored surprise
  insist
• Assert impatient question
• neutral

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Intonation ?? (p. 70)

• When pitch, stress and length variations are tied
  to the sentence rather than to the word, they are
  collectively known as intonation.
• English has two types of intonation that are most
  frequently used
• -- falling (matter of fact statement)
• -- rising (doubts or question)

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Examples of Intonation
He is not ?there. He is not ?there?
Your father is a teacher, isnt ? he? Your father
is a teacher, isnt ? he?
What did you put in your ?drink, ? Jane? What did
you put in your ? drink, ? Jane?
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Tone ?? (p. 71)

• Mandarin???, Cantonese???, and Vietnamese??? are
  examples of contour tone languages.
• Register tone languages (predominately in Africa)
  have level tones (??), usu. in just two pitch
  registers high and low.