Chapter 2 Phonetics and Phonology

1
Chapter 2 Phonetics and Phonology
2
Phonetics

• ----A branch of linguistics which studies the
  characteristics of speech sounds and provides
  methods for their description, classification and
  transcription, e.g. p bilabial, stop.

3
Three branches of phonetics

• Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers
  point of view, how speakers produce speech
  sounds
• Auditory phonetics----from the hearers point of
  view, how sounds are perceived
• Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or
  means by which sounds are transmitted from one to
  another.

4
Speech organs three important areas

• Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat
• The oral cavity ---- the mouth
• Nasal cavity ---- the nose.

5
The diagram of speech organs

1. Lips
2. Teeth
3. Teeth ridge(??) (alveolar)
4. Hard palate(??)
5. Soft palate (velum)
6. Uvula(??)
7. Tip of tongue
8. Blade of tongue(??)
9. Back of tongue(??)
10. Vocal cords(??)
11. Pharyngeal cavity(??)
12. Nasal cavity (??)

6
Orthographic representation of speech sounds

• ---- A standardized and internationally accepted
  system of phonetic transcription is the
  International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic
  principle of the IPA is using one letter to
  represent one speech sound.
• Broad transcription ---- used in dictionary and
  textbook for general purpose, without diacritics,
  e.g. clear l , pit
• Narrow transcription ---- used by phonetician
  for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark l
  , aspirated p

7
Some major articulatory variables

• ---- dimensions on which speech sounds may
  vary
• Voicing---- voiced voiceless
• Nasality ---- nasal non-nasal
• Aspiration ----- aspirated unaspirated

8
Classification of English speech sounds

• ---- English speech sounds are generally
  classified into two large categories
• Vowels
• Consonants
• Note The essential difference between these
  two classes is that in the production of the
  former the airstream meets with no obstruction of
  any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth,
  while in that of the latter it is somehow
  obstructed.

9
The Table of Phonetic Transcription in English
10
Classification of consonants

• ---- English consonants may be classified
  according to two dimensions
• The manner of articulation
• The place of articulation

11
The manner of articulation

• stops/plosives p, b, t, d, k, g
• fricatives f, v, s, z, W, T, F,
  V, h
• affricates tF, dV
• liquids l(lateral), r
• nasals m, n, N
• glides/semivowels w, j.

12
The place of articulation

• bilabial p, b, m, w
• labiodental f , v
• dental W, T
• alveolar t, d, s, z, n, l, r
• palatal F, V, tF, dV, j
• velar k, g, N
• glottal h.

13
The place of articulation

1. Bilabial
2. Labiodental
3. Dental or interdental
4. Alveolar
5. Palatoalveolar
6. Palatal
7. Velar
8. Uvular
9. Glottal.

14
The description of English consonantsEnglish
consonants
15
Cardinal vowel

• a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined,
  fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame
  of reference for the description of the actual
  vowels of existing languages.

16
Classification of vowels

• ---- English vowels can be divided into two
  large categories
• Monophthongs or pure/single vowels
• Diphthongs or gliding vowels

17
English consonants

• The consonants of English can be described in the
  following manner
• p  voiceless bilabial stop
• b  voiced bilabial stop
• s   voiceless alveolar fricative
• z   voiced alveolar fricative

18
Monophthongs or pure/single vowels

• ----According to which part of the tongue is held
  highest in the process of production, the vowels
  can be distinguished as
• front vowels I, I, e, Z, A, B
• central vowels E, E, Q
• back vowels u, u, C, C, B.

19
According to the openness of the mouth

• Close I, I, u, u.
• Semi-close e, E
• Semi-open E, C
• Open A, B, C, B, Q

20
The diagram of single vowel classification by
applying the two criteria so far mentioned
21
According to the shape of the lips orthe degree
of lip rounding

• rounded u, u, C, C
• unrounded I, I, e, Z, A, B, E,
  E, Q, B.

22
According to the length of the vowels

• long I, E, u, C, B
• short I, e, Z, A, E, Q, B, u,
  C.

23
Monophthong???????vs. vowel glides.????

• Languages also frequently make use of a
  distinction between vowels where the quality
  remains constant throughout the articulation and
  those where there is an audible change of
  quality.
• The former are known as pure or monophthong
  vowels and the latter, vowel glides.

24
diphthongs???

• If a single movement of the tongue is involved,
  the glides are called diphthongs.
• Diphthongal glides in English can be heard in
  such words as way we?, tide ta?d, how ha?,
  toy t??, and toe t??.

25
Triphthong ????

• A double movement produces a triphthong, which is
  a glide from one vowel to another and then to a
  third, all produced rapidly and without
  interruption.
• They are really diphthongs followed by the schwa
  ?, found in English words like wire wa?? and
  tower ta??.

26
vowels

• vowels
• Monophthongs semi-vowel vowel glides
• Diphthongs
  triphthongs

27
Features of Vowels

• Functionally, vowels are the basis of
  syllables.
• Physically, vowels are musical.
• Articulatorily, for vowels, airstream is not
  obstructed, and speech organs are tense.

28
Phonology

• Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal
  organs do not move from one sound segment to the
  next in a series of separate steps. Rather,
  sounds continually show the influence of their
  neighbors.
• Speech is one of human activities used for convey
  meaning

29
2.3 Phonology

• Phone phonetic unit
• 1.not distinctive of meaning 2.physical as heard
  or produced 3.marked with
• phoneme
• 1.phonological unit 2.distinctive of meaning
• 3.abstract, not physical
• 4.marked with / /

30
2.3 Phonology

• Minimal pair a pair of words identical in every
  way except for one sound segment in the same
  position.
• Minimal set a group of words differentiated by
  one sound segment in the same position.

Chunk Ban Bet Fan Fine Sink Site Seed
Junk bin bat van vine zinc Side soup
vowel Feat fit fate fat fought foot
consonant Big pig rig fig dig wig
31
2.3 Phonology

• Free variation When the substitution of two or
  more sounds in the same position does not result
  in any change of meaning, theyre said to be in
  free variation. economics
• You say ither and I say aither,
• You say nither and I say naither,
• ither aither nither naither
• Lets call the whole thing off.
• Distinctive features features that distinguish
  one phoneme with another. Seal/zeal

b d g
Stop
Voiced
Bilabial - -
Alveolar - -
velar - -
32
Complementary distribution

• the relationship between two different elements,
  where one element is found in a particular
  environment and the other element is found in the
  opposite environment. It often indicates that two
  superficially different elements are in fact the
  same linguistic unit at a deeper level. In some
  instances, more than two elements can be in
  complementary distribution with one another.

33
Contrastive distribution

• both elements are found in the same environment
  with a change in meaning. An example of this in
  English would be /d/ and /p/, as can be seen in
  the words dot and pot.

34
Complementary distribution

• Complementary distribution is commonly applied to
  phonology, where similar phones in complementary
  distribution are usually allophones of the same
  phoneme. For instance, in English, p and p?
  are allophones of the phoneme /p/ because they
  occur in complementary distribution. p? always
  occurs when it is the syllable onset and followed
  by a stressed vowel (as in the word pin). p
  occurs in all other situations (as in the word
  spin).

35
complementary distribution

• There are cases where elements are in
  complementary distribution, but are not
  considered allophones. For example in English h
  and ? (engma, in English) are in complementary
  distribution, since h only occurs at the
  beginning of a syllable and ? only at the end.
  But because they have so little in common in
  phonetic terms they are still considered separate
  phonemes.

36
2.3 Phonology

• Supresegmental features distinctive features
  above the level of individual segments over a
  sequence of two or more phonemic segments such as
  syllable, word, phrase and sentence which may
  also distinguish meaning.
• Syllable longer than one sound and smaller than
  a word.
• Phonetically a unit consisting of a center which
  has little or no airflow and sounds comparatively
  loud.(sonority scale klasp14521)
• Structurally
• syllable
• onset
  rhyme
• nucleus
  coda
• Phonologically it concerns the way vowels and
  consonants combine to form various sequences.
  (sequential ruleCCCVCCCC)sixths
• Terms Close/open syllable Initial cluster
  splash medial cluster pastry final cluster
  test
• Three-consonant cluster
• i. s ii. p t k iii. l r w j
• e.g. spring, scream, string, squeal, square,
  splendid, stew

37
Complementary distribution

• Complementary distribution is commonly applied to
  phonology, where similar phones in complementary
  distribution are usually allophones of the same
  phoneme. For instance, in English, p and p?
  are allophones of the phoneme /p/ because they
  occur in complementary distribution. p? always
  occurs when it is the syllable onset and followed
  by a stressed vowel (as in the word pin). p
  occurs in all other situations (as in the word
  spin).

38
allophone

• In phonetics, an allophone is one of a set of
  multiple possible spoken sounds (or phones) used
  to pronounce a single phoneme For example, p?
  (as in pin) and p (as in spin) are allophones
  for the phoneme /p/ in the English language.
  Although a phoneme's allophones are all
  alternative pronunciations for a phoneme, the
  specific allophones selected in a given situation
  is often predictable.

39
allophone

• Changing the allophone used by native speakers
  for a given phoneme in a specific context usually
  will not change the meaning of a word but the
  result may sound non-native or unintelligible.
  Speakers of a given language usually perceive one
  phoneme in their language as a single distinctive
  sound in that language and are "both unaware of
  and even shocked by" the allophone variations
  used to pronounce single phonemes.

40
2.3 Phonology

• Stress intensity or prominence given to one
  syllable rather than another.
• Word stress import/import
• Phrase stress black bird green house
• Sentence stress I love you.
• Logical stress I love YOU.
• Tone pitch variation (???? car)
• Intonation variation in stress, pitch or
  loudness (falling rising fall-rise rise-fall)
• Thats not the book he wants.

41
complementary distribution

• There are cases where elements are in
  complementary distribution, but are not
  considered allophones. For example in English h
  and ? (engma, written with the digraph lt-nggt in
  English) are in complementary distribution, since
  h only occurs at the beginning of a syllable
  and ? only at the end. But because they have so
  little in common in phonetic terms they are still
  considered separate phonemes

42
2.3 Phonology

• Summary
• Phonology
• Difference between phonetics and phonology
• Phoneme
• Minimal pair/set
• Free variation
• Distinctive features
• Suprasegmental features syllable, stress, tone,
  intonation, tone group
• Homework exercise 5,6 and 7.

43

• THANK YOU