The Rise of D

1
The Rise of Détente and Triangular Diplomacy,
1963-72
Young Kent International Relations since 1945
2
1963 in the wake of Cuba

• Signs of Détente?
• Kennedys American University speech
• Hot line agreement
• Partial Test Ban Treaty
• Cold War goes on
• Berlin tension
• Multilateral Nuclear Force

3
Pressures for Détente in Europe

• Mutual fear of war
• Western Europe
• fragmentation de Gaulle
• Harmel Report
• Brandt and Ostpolitik
• Eastern bloc
• fragmentation China, Romania
• desire for trade/technology
• fall of Khrushchev

4
Nuclear Balance

• Dawn of Mutual Assured Destruction
• Triad of weapons
• Aircraft
• Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
• Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs)
• Threats to the balance
• Anti-Ballistic Missile
• Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicle

5
Détente Delayed, 1964-68

• Limited East-West agreement
• Glassboro mini-summit
• Non-Proliferation Treaty
• Proposed Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
• Barriers to progress
• Vietnam
• Czechoslovakia Prague Spring
• No Johnson-Brezhnev summit

6
Nixons Approach

• Inaugural speech an era of negotiations
• End Vietnam war Nixon Doctrine
• But détente only on conditions
• Concrete agreements not just a change in
  atmosphere
• Soviets to show restraint
• Linkage

7
Linkage in practice

• US view if Soviets want strategic arms talks and
  trade, they must not exploit conflicts in the
  Third World
• Series of crises in 1970-71
• Chile election of Allende
• Cienfuegos
• Jordanian civil war
• Indo-Pakistan War

8
Triangular Diplomacy

• Sino-Soviet split
• Chinese fear USSR more than US
• Border clashes of 1969
• Nixon ready for opening to China
• Trade barriers relaxed
• Ping-Pong diplomacy
• China enters UN
• US plays off China and USSR

9
1972 two summits

• Beijing Summit, February 1972
• Nixon and Mao
• Shanghai Communique
• Moscow Summit, May 1972
• Nixon and Brezhnev
• went ahead despite crisis in Vietnam
• several agreements trade, space, etc.
• Basic Principles

10
SALT I highpoint of Moscow

• Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
• Two ABM fields and 200 missiles each
• Interim Agreement on Offensive Missiles
• ICBMs 1054 US, 1618 Soviet
• SLBMs 656 US, 740 Soviet
• Bombers 455 US, 140 Soviet
• To last five years SALT II to follow

11
Moscow success or failure?

• The successes
• Well-choreographed
• Numerous agreements
• SALT a significant nuclear arms deal
• The limits
• Soviets never accepted linkage
• Unclear what basic principles meant
• SALT failed to control MIRVs
• unequal ceilings in SALT