Mineral Vocabulary

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Mineral Vocabulary

• Luster
• Mohs hardness scale
• Mineralogist
• Streak
• Fluorescence
• Density
• Refraction

• Cleavage
• Inorganic
• Mineral
• Silicate mineral
• Non-silicate mineral
• Crystal
• Hardness
• Rock forming mineral

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Minerals (Chpt.5)

• Identify the 4 characteristics used to classify
  some rocks as minerals?

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What is a Mineral?

• Basic materials of the Earths crust
• Natural, inorganic, crystalline solid.
• Inorganic not made up of living things or the
  remains of living things. (non living, doesnt
  contain carbon)
• Organic substances come from plant and animal
  sources (living)

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4 Basic Characteristics of Minerals

• Composed of inorganic substances.
• Must occur naturally
• Must be solid in crystalline form, all minerals
  have a characteristic structure.
• Definite chemical composition.
• Arranged in a definite pattern, repeated over and
  over.

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Mineral statistics

• More than 4,000 known minerals
• 8 elements make up 98.5 of the crust
• Oxygen Silicon
• Aluminum Iron
• Calcium Sodium
• Potassium Magnesium

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Classification of Minerals

• Minerals are classified into two main groups
  based on chemical composition.
• 1. Silcate Minerals
• 2. Non-Silicate Minerals

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Composition of Minerals

• Silicate Minerals
• All contain silicon (Si) and O2 (Oxygen)
• All contain at least one other element
• All make-up 96 of the Earths crust
• 50 of the crust made of Feldspar Quartz
• Feldspar are the most common

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Common Feldspar
Oligoclase
Albite
Orthoclase
Anorthite
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Quartz (Silicon dioxide)
Smokey Quartz
Milky Quartz
Rose Quartz
Chalcedony
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Phosphate Class
Apatite Turquoise
Anapaite
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Other Silicates
Olivine Topaz
Leucite Biotite
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• Non-silicate Minerals
• Does not contain Silicon (Si) or Oxygen (O2).
• Composed of 4 of the Earths crust
• Classified into 6 groups

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Native Elements class
Gold Copper

• These are native metals
• They are simple in structure
• Have a metallic property
• These are found on the periodic table

Silver Lead
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Oxides Class

• Large diversity of color to black
• Contain a large quantity of oxygen
• Metallic and nonmetallic minerals

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Identifying Minerals

• Mineralogists conduct test w/ special equipment
  to I.D.
• Characteristics include
• Color Density
• Luster Fluorescence
• Streak Hardness
• Cleavage and Fracture Magnetism
• Refraction Crystal

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Gemstone distribution
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Month Birthstone
January Garnet
February Amethyst
March Aquamarine
April Diamond
May Emerald
June Pearl
July Ruby
August Peridot
September Sapphire
October Opal
November Topaz
December Turquoise
turquoise
 
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Uses of Minerals

• art
• Jewelry
• Money
• Tools
• Fertilizer
• Quartz
• Gypsum

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Other Uses

• Gemstones a hard, colorful mineral that has a
  brilliant or glassy luster.
• Once a gemstone is cut, its called a gem, ex
  rubies, sapphires
• Nonmetals elements that have dull surfaces and
  are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

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Fireworks

• The specific colors produced by fireworks are
  produced by a specific mineral
• Examples
• green barium
• reds strontium
• blues copper
• yellows sodium
• hemotite (iron) gold

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Color

• Some have very bright colors,
  ex sulfur bright yellow
• Not a reliable I.D., because some have the same
  color or weathering.

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Luster

• Light reflected from the surface of a mineral
• Those minerals that reflect like polished metal
  metallic luster.

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Streak

• Color of the mineral in its powdered form
• Observe this by rubbing a mineral against an
  unglazed piece of ceramic tile.

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STREAK
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Cleavage and Fracture

• Split easily along certain flat surfaces
• Its related to the types of bonds
• Those that do not have cleavage will break or
  fracture.

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Cleavage
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Refraction

• The bending of light by minerals.

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Density

• Ratio of mass to volume of a substance
• Minerals have various densities

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Fluorescence

• The light from ultraviolet lamps reacts with the
  chemicals of a mineral and causes the mineral to
  glow

Fluorite under UV light
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Hardness

• Ability of a mineral to resist scratching.
• Use Mohs hardness scale to determine hardness of
  a mineral.

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Examples of Mohs Scale

• your fingernail has a hardness of 2.5
• a penny has a hardness of about 3.5
• glass and a steel nail have nearly equal
  hardnesses of 5.5
• a streak plate has a hardness of 6.5.

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Minerals on Mohs Scale

• 1 Talc
• 2 Gypsum
• 3 Calcite
• 4 Fluorite
• 5 Apatite (fluorapatite)
• 6 Orthoclase
• 7 Quartz
• 8 Topaz
• 9 Corundum
• 10 Diamond

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Magnetism

• Some minerals have a positive or negative
  attraction

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Crystal

• Specific crystal shape
• Certain minerals have the same crystal shape, due
  to the chemistry of the mineral

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Open-Notes Quiz Minerals

• What are the four characteristics a rock must
  have to be classified as a mineral?
• What is the difference between the silicate group
  and the non-silicate group. Give an example of
  each.
• List ten characteristics mineralogists use to
  identify minerals.

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