About Euratom

1
About Euratom
Piotr SZYMANSKI, Director Nuclear Safeguards DG
ENERGY, European Commission
CEOC Conference, EU Energy Policy New
Challenges for Third Party Inspection and
Certification Bodies, 30.05.2011
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Overview

• Purpose of this presentation
• Treaties foundation of the EU
• Euratom Treaty and examples of its application
• Nuclear safeguards
• Nuclear safety
• EU response to Fukushima accident -
• nuclear power plants stress tests

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Purpose of this presentation

• Remind you about the EU legal basis to help
  in following current developments
• Tell (remind) you about the Euratom Treaty
• Show examples of the Commissions work in the
  nuclear field

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Integration what does it mean?
?

• Multinational integration process
• Independent entities (e.g. states)
• through
• Voluntary binding measures (e.g. treaties)
• establish
• Common institutions (e.g. Commission) to
• develop
• Common policies (e.g. on energy)
• pursuing
• Common goals and serving common interests(e.g.
  protect the environment)

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Treaties and history of the EU
?
1948 1952 1958 1967 1987
? European Communities ?
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
European Atomic Energy Community (EAECEURATOM)
European Economic Community (EEC)
EuropeanPoliticalCooperation(EPC)
Western European Union (WEU)
Brussels Paris Rome Brussels SEA (1948)
(1952) (1958) (1967) (1987)
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Treaties and history of the EU
?
1993 1999 2003 2009

European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or EURATOM)
European Coal Steel Community (ECSC)
European Union (EU)
European Union (EU)
European Community (EC)
Justice Home Affairs (JHA)
Police Judicial co-operation in criminal
matters (PJCC)
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
WEU
Maastricht Amsterdam Nice Lisbon (1993) (1999
) (2003) (2009)
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Structure of the EU
?
European Union (TEU, TFEU, Charter)
EURATOM
Treaty on the European Union (TEU)
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
(TFEU, ex-EC)
Treaty of Lisbon
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The EU Institutions
?
European Council (summit)
European Parliament
Council of Ministers (Council of the EU)
European Commission
Court of Justice
Court of Auditors
Economic and Social Committee
Committee of the Regions
European Investment Bank
European Central Bank
Agencies
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How EU laws are made
?
Citizens, interest groups, experts discuss,
consult
Commission makes formal proposal
Parliament and Council of Ministers decide
jointly
National or local authorities implement
Commission and Court of Justice monitor
implementation
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Legal framework of the European Union
?

• The Treaty of Lisbon (signed 2007)
• amends the two treaties which comprise the
  constitutional basis of the European Union
• Treaty on European Union (TEU also known as the
  Maastricht Treaty)
• Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC
  also known as the Treaty of Rome).
• Consists of two Treaties
• TEU and
• TFEU (Treaty on Functioning of the EU)

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Treaty on Functioning of European Union (TFEU)
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Article 194 Energy

• Union policy on energy shall aimto
• Ensure the functioning of the energy market
• Ensure security of energy supply
• Promote energy efficiency, energy saving,
  development of new and renewable energy
• Promote interconnection of energy networks

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Treaty on Functioning of EuropeanUnion (TFEU)
changes
?
Article 194 Energy

• Legislation by ordinary legislative procedure
  ( co-decision with qualified majority in
  Council)
• Legislation of fiscal nature by special
  legislative procedure ( unanimity in Council)
• Member States rights not affected
• to determine conditions of exploiting energy
  resources
• to choose between different energy sources and
• to choose the general structure of its energy
  supply

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Treaties and history of the EU
?
1993 1999 2003 2009

European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or EURATOM)
European Coal Steel Community (ECSC)
European Union (EU)
European Union (EU)
European Community (EC)
Justice Home Affairs (JHA)
Police Judicial co-operation in criminal
matters (PJCC)
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
WEU
Maastricht Amsterdam Nice Lisbon (1993) (1999
) (2003) (2009)
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Legal framework of the European Union
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• The EURATOM Treaty (signed 1957)
• It shall be the task of the Community to
  contribute
• to the raising of the standards of living in
  the Member States and
• to the development of relations with the other
  countries
• by creating the conditions necessary for the
  speedy establishment and growth of the nuclear
  industries

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Euratom after Lisbon changes

• Protocol No.2 amending the Euratom Treaty

Preamble
Art 106a
European Atomic Energy Community should continue
to have full legal effect
General provisions of TEU and TFEU apply
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Euratom after Lisbon changes
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• Separate legal entity (Art 184)
• Identical institutions, budget etc with EU
• Special legislative procedures continue
• Role of the European Parliament remains largely
  advisory (no co-decision with Council), e.g. Art.
  31, 32 or Art. 79 (3) Euratom Treaty
• Article 31 group and Economic and Social
  Committee continue to be consulted

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Specific tasks of EURATOM
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• According to the Treaty, specific tasks are
• to promote research and ensure the dissemination
  of technical information
• to establish uniform safety standards to protect
  the health of workers and of the general public
  and ensure that they are applied (Example 2)
• to facilitate investment and ensure the
  establishment of the basic installations
  necessary for the development of nuclear energy
  in the EU

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Specific tasks of EURATOM
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• to ensure that all users in the EU receive a
  regular and equitable supply of ores and nuclear
  fuels
• to make certain that civil nuclear materials are
  not diverted to other (particularly military)
  purposes (Example 1)
• to exercise the right of ownership conferred upon
  it with respect to special fissile materials
• to foster progress in the peaceful uses of
  nuclear energy by working with other countries
  and international organisations
• to establish joint undertakings

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Overview

• Purpose of this presentation
• Treaties foundation of the EU
• Euratom Treaty and examples of its application
• Nuclear safeguards
• Nuclear safety
• EU response to Fukushima accident -
• nuclear power plants stress tests

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Example 1 Nuclear Safeguards
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• Treaty requires Commission to satisfy itself that

• In the territories of Member States
• materials are not diverted from their intended
  uses as declared by the users
• provisions relating to safeguarding obligations
  under an agreement with a Third State or an
  international organisation are complied with.
• Exception
• EURATOM Safeguards do not extend to materials
  intended to meet defence requirements

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Safeguards implementation - methodology
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• Operator
• Provides basic technical characteristics (BTC) of
  the installation
• Keeps operating records to permit accounting for
  the material
• Provides accounting data to the Commission
• Commission verifies
• data consistency
• coherence with records kept at the installation
• data correspondence to the physical reality
• Verification work is done in nuclear
  installations,
• Joint Research Centre and
• safeguards headquarters in Luxembourg
• cooperation with the International Atomic Energy
  Agency (IAEA)

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Safeguards implementation - inspectors
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• Recruited by the Commission (Treaty art. 82)
• Have access to all places, data and persons, at
  all times, to the extent necessary to apply
  safeguards
• 160 inspectors
• 1500 inspections/year
  
• 4100 inspection-person-days/year

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Safeguards enforcement
?

• If carrying-out of the inspection is opposed
• Commission will submit an application to the
  President of the Court of Justice who may order
  to perform compulsory inspection
• If an infringement is found sanctions
• On the operator
• warning, withdrawal of benefits, placing company
  under administration, withdrawal of nuclear
  material
• On the Member State
• Commission Directive

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Example 2 Nuclear safety
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• Council Directive 2009/71/Euratom of 25 June 2009
  establishing a Community framework for the
  nuclear safety of nuclear installations
• gives binding legal forceto international
  safetystandards (IAEA, CNS)
• establishes nationalresponsibility fornuclear
  safety
• enhances independenceof regulators
• ensures continuousimprovementof safety

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• Nuclear Waste Directive revised proposal adopted
  by the Commission on 3 November 2010

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Waste and spent fuel volumes produced in 2004
Spent Fuel High Level
HLW in a persons lifetime
Low Level Long-lived
Low Intermediate Level Short-lived
Nuclear waste (including low, intermediate and
high level waste) and spent fuel volume a year in
the EU is less than 100.000m3 2 football fields
(staple height 7m)
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Overview

• Purpose of this presentation
• Treaties foundation of the EU
• Euratom Treaty and examples of its application
• Nuclear safeguards
• Nuclear safety
• EU response to Fukushima accident -
• nuclear power plants stress tests

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Sequence of Events in JapanFukushima Dai-ichi
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• Units 1-3 in operation, units 4-6 in maintenance
  and refuelling state.
• Earthquake level 9 on Richter scale.
• Normal plant shutdown loss of off-site
  electrical power supply but emergency diesel
  generators working as foreseen all normal in
  terms of cooling the reactors and fuel pools
  decay heat removal.
• Tsunami 14 m while design basis was 6,5 m for
  an historical tsunami of 5,7 m.
• Flooding of diesels and auxiliary equipment.

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Flooding, Trenches, Turbine building
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Source data Fed of Electric Power Companies/VGB
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EU Response, after 11 March 2011
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• Commissioner Oettinger called a High Level
  Conference on 15 March 2011 Ministers, Nuclear
  Safety Authorities and Industry.

Introduction of safety "stress tests" at EU
nuclear power plants
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EU Response
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• 16 March 2011 Council Working Group (AQG)
  defined a first set of criteria for
  comprehensive risk and safety assessments
• Initiating events
• The seismic characteristics of the sites
• The possibility of flooding
• Resistance to man induced events (e.g. terrorist
  acts)
• Status of the facility
• The type of reactor
• The aging of the power plants
• The technical design and features of the cooling
  systems
• The technical design and arrangements of the
  backup systems
• Emergency procedures and preparedness
• 21 March 2011 Council confirmed the approach

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EU Response
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• 24-25 March 2011 European Council

EU leaders declared that the nuclear issue a top
priority and stressed the need to learn the
lessons from the nuclear accident. They decided
that the safety of EU nuclear plants should be
reviewed in risk and safety assessments, the
so-called "stress tests". The Commission will
ensure that the test modalities are defined as
soon as possible and the tests carried
out. Nuclear particles know no borders. That is
why neighbouring countries should be encouraged
to do similar stress tests. "A worldwide review
of nuclear plants would be best," said Herman Van
Rompuy."
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Stress tests - timeframe
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• 25 May 2011 Stress tests announced
• Start 1 June
• Licensee report (15.08, 31.10)
• National report (15.09, 31.12)
• European Commission report to the EU Council
  (9.12, June 2012)
• Peer review of national reports (by 04.2012)

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Stress tests cont.
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• Transparency
• National reports - public (in accordance to
  legislation)
• Results of peer reviews - public
• The Commission is working to extend the
  assessments to other countries, in particular
  those neighbours operating nuclear installations
  Switzerland, the Russian Federation, Ukraine and
  Armenia.

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Stress tests - cont
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• Targeted reassessment of nuclear power plant
  safety margins
• response to set of extreme situations
• preventive and mitigative measures following
  defence-in-depth logic
• To evaluate
• robustness of defence-in-depth approach
• adequacy of accident management measures
• To identify
• Potential for safety improvements

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Thank you for your attention