The plasma membrane

1
The plasma membrane
2
??????
- ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????
??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ??????? ??????
Cell membrane - ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????
??????? ???????. - ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????
??????? ????? ???? ??????. - ????? ????? ??????
??????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????
????? ???????. Aº2700- ?????? ??????? ???????
?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???
??????? ?????? ?????? ???? (??????? ????
??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????
????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????). - ??
??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???
??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? Hypotonic
solution??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?????
?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???
?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????
????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????????. -
??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????
??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??????
?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? Selective
permeability - ???? ????????? ?????????? ) ???
CO2 , O2) ?????? ?? ??????? ????, ????? ???
?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????, ?????? ???????
????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????
??????.
3
???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????
???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????
?????? ?? - ????? ????????? ????
?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????
- ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????
- ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????
4
Modification of plasma membrane

• ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????
  ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????
  ??????? ???????
• ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???
• - ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ??????? ?????? ???? ????.
• ? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???
  ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????
  ?????? ??? ????
• ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????
  ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
  ?? ??? ??? ????.
• - ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???
  ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????
  ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????
  ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????.
• - ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????
  ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????
  ????? ???? ????? ????? Microvilli ??????
• ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????
  ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????
  ??????.
• - ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????
  ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????
  ???? ?????? ???
• ????????.
• - ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????
  ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????
  ???????
• ?????? ?????????? ???????.
• - ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????
  ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ????? ?????? ???????.

5
(No Transcript)
6
??? ?????? ?????? Isolation of cell membrane ??
????? ???????? Homogenizer ??? ?? ??? ??????
?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????????
?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????
????????Hypotonic solution ?? ???? ??????? ??????
????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????
??????? ????????? ??????????.
??? ?????? ????????
Homogenization ? centrifugation (Red blood
cells put in hypotonic solution)
7
Composition of plasma membrane ?????? ???????
????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????
????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??
?????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????
???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???
??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????
???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? Myelin sheath
??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???
??? 90 ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????
?????????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????
????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????
?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????
???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???
???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????. - ????? ????
??????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ??????
?????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????
??? ??????? ???? ?????? Structural proteins 1-
???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??
??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??
????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????
?????? ???. Structural and functional proteins 2-
???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????
???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????
??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ((Enzymes
carriers
8

• ???????? ??????? Markers
• ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??
  ??? ???? ?? ???????
• Na/ K transporting ATPase ???? ?? ???? ???????
  ?????????
• ????? Glucose 6-phoshorylase ?????? ??? ??
  ?????? ?????????????
• ????? Succinate dehydrogenase ?????? ??? ??
  ?????? ??????? ?????????????

9
Models of plasma membrane structure ????? ??
????? ??????? ????????? ??? 1899 ???? ????
????? ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????
E. Overton 1- ????? ?????? ?????????
???????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????
?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???
??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????
???????? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????
?? ??????????? ???????? ???????. ??? 1925????
?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????E.
Gorter and grendal 2- ??? ???????? ???? ???????
????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????
????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????
????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???
????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????
??? .Bilayer ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????
?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??
????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??
??????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????
?????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????
?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????
?????? ??????? ?????. ??? 1935 ??????? ???
?????? ?????? ?????? ??? E. Danielli and H.
Davson 3- ? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????
????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???
?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????
?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????
?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????
????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????
??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????
????? ???????.
10

1. Danielli and Davson????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
   ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????
   ??Pores ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????
   ??? ?????? ?????? ???????

1. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? Amphipathic
   molecules
2. ????? ?? Hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
3. Phosolipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids,
   cholesterol

11
?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??
????? ????? ???? J. D. Robertson 4- ???? ??????
?????? ????? ??????? ???? Unit membrane ???????
??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??
????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ??????
???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????
???????? ????? Singer and Nicolson 5- ???
???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????
???????? ?????????? Particles ????? ?? ????
??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???
???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????
??????? ???????? Peripheral protein ?????? ????
??? ????? ?????? ???????? Integral protein ??????
?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????
???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
fluid mosaic model
12
????? ?????? ???????? ???????? Fluidity ??????
??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????
???phospholipid bilayer (??????? ??????? ?????
????? lt ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????)
??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????
13
Cell surface ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????
?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????
???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????
?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????
???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????????
????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???
????????? ???????? ??????? Cell receptors????
????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????
?????. (???? ?????
?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????
???) peripheral receptors ?????? ????
??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????
???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???
?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????
????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????

?????? ?? ??????? ?????. Carbohydrates in plasma
membrane ????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????????
???? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ??
???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????
?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??
??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????
???????.
14
Cell surface antigens ?????? ???????? ??? ????
?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???
????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???
???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????
???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????
?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????.
Antibodies ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????
???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????
???????? ?? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????
???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????
?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????
???. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???
???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????
?????????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????
???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????
??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????
??? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???
??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. The
antigen of blood group ?????? ?????? ???? ??
???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????
??????? O ?B, A ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????
??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????
????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????
???????? .O ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????
????? ????? ???AB ??B?? A ?? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ??? B?? A ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????H ??? ????? ?????
???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? H??? ??? ????
?????? AB-?? B- ??A- ??O- ????? ??? ?????
???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????
?????? AB?? B ??A ??O ???? ???????
??????? ???????, ???????? ???? ?? ???
????????.Oligosaccharides ???? Glycolipids
???????? ??? ????
15
The receptors ?????????? - ????? ????????
??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????
?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????
??????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????
?????????. - ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????
????. - ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????
??????? ?? ???? (???????). - ??? ????? ???????
???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???
??? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????
??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????
???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????????. -
????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????
???? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ??????
????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????????
??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????
??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ?????
?????? ?? ???????? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????.
????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????
??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???
?????? ????. Cells junctions and communications
????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????
??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????
????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????
???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????
??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????
??? Junctions ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???
??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???
????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
, ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????
????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????
?????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????
??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????
16

1. Gap junction (Zonula adherens)

• ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????
  ????????
• ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????
  ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????
  plate-like subunits ?????????? ??????
  ?????hexagonal
• ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????
  ??????????
• ??? ???????
• ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???
  ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????
• ??????? ??? ???????
• ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???
  ??????? ?????????
• ???? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???????

????????? ??????? (Gap junctions)
?????? ???? (Protein channel).
?????????? ???? ???? ???????.
17

• Metabolic coupling
• ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???
  ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????
• ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????
  ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????
• Ionic or electronic coupling
• ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????
  ??? ????? ??????? ?????????
• ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???
  ??????? ????????
• Synchronic action ((????
• ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? (??? ????? ???
  ????- ??????? ????????)
• ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??
  ???? ?????? ???????

18
Tight or occluding junction 2- ?????? ?????? ??
???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???
????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???
??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????
????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????,
????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????
??????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????.
???? ??????? 1- ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????????
??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????
??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????(??? ??? ???????
????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????
??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????
??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????) 2- ????
???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????,
??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????
?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????
??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???
?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???
?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????
??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??
????? ?????.
19
Adhering junctions (Desmosomes) 3- ???????
??????? (???????????) ???? ????????? ???? ??????
?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ???? ?????
????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????
?????, ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????
????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? Spot
desmosome ?- ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????
??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????
?????????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??
???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????
?????? 30 ???????? Hemidesmosome ?- ??? ????????
??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????
??????? ????? ????????, ???????? ???? ?????
?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????
????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?????
???? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????
???????? Plasmodesmata 4- ?????? ?????????????
(??????????????) ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????
??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???
????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????
????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????
??????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????. ?????
???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????
????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????
????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???
??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????
????? ??????? ??????.
20
(No Transcript)
21
New lecture
Functons of plasma membrane
22

• ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????
  ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???
  Homeostasis ?? ???? ??????? ???????
• ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???
  ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????
  ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????
• ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????
  ??? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????
  ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???
  ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???
  ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????
  ??? ??????
• ????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????
  ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????
  ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????
• ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????
  ?? ?????? ??????? ?? Irritability Excitation
• ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????
• ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????
  ?????????

23
1

• ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??
• Simple diffusion ?- ???????? ??????
• ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? (?????? ?? ?????) ??
  ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????
  ?????, ?????? ????? ?????
• ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??
  ????? ??? ????.
• ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????
• ????? ?????? ????????, ???? ???????, ??? ????
  ??????? ????????, ??? ?????? ????????, ???
  ????????, ????????
• ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????
  ???? ??? ???? ????????.
• ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???
  ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????
  ??? ????
• ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??????
  ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????.
• ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???
  ???????? ???????
• Binding ?- ???????? ?? ??????
• Translocation ?- ?????? ??? ??????
• Release ?- ???????? ?? ????? ????????
• ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??
  ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????.
• ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????
• Permeable membrane 1- ???? ????
• ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???????
  ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????
  ????????????.

24

• Semi-permeable 3- ???? ??? ????
• ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????
  ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ?????????????
• ? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????
  ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????
  ???????.
• Selective permeable membrane 4- ???? ?? ????????
  ??????????
• ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? (?????)
  ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???
  ?????? ??????? ??????.
• Osmosis (Passive diffusion) ?- ?????????
• ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????
  ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
  ????????? ??????????.
• ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????
  ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???
  ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????
  ????? ???????? Osmotic pressure .
• ????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????
• ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????
  ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????
  ??????.
• ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????
  ?????? ?? ?????? (Osmole )

25
?????? ?????? ?????

• ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????
  ????? ????? ????????

????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??
??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????????
????????
26
????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????
?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????
????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????
??????. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????
????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????
??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????
???????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??
????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??
???????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??
???????? Isotonic solution 1- ????? ??? ???????
??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????
???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????, ??? ???????
?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.
?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????. Hypotonic
solution 2- ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????
????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??
????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????
???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????,
????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????
??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????
???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???
?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???
????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????
????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????
??????. Hypertonic solution 3- ????? ???? ???????
?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????
???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????
???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???
???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????
?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???
???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ??
???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????
???????????? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ?? ????
?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????
???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????
???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????.
27
????? ???????? ???????

1. Isotonic solution
2. ?Hypotonic solution?????? ??????
3. ? Hypertonic solution?????? ??????

28
Active transport ?- ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????
?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????
??????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????
(?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????) ?? ??????
???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???
?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? Primary
active transport 1- ????? ????? ?????? ????????
ATP ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????
????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??
???? ?? Na/ K - ATPase ?????? ???????? ??
?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????
??????????? .Ca2 - ATPase ????? ?????????
Secondary active transport 2- ????? ???????
?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??
??????? ATP ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????
?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????
????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????
????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????
????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????
???????? ????????? ???????? ??? . Cotransport or
Facilitated transport ??????? ????? ????? ????
?????? ??????
29
???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????
???? 1- ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????
???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????
??????? ?????? .Protein or Enzyme- substrate
complex ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????
???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????
Saturability 2- ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????
??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????
?????? ????. ??????? ?????? ??? ????????
?????????????? ?????????.Inhibition 3- ??????
??????? ?? ???????? ??????? 4- ????? ??????? ??
???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????
???????. ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????
?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? Rotation ?-
???????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??
???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????
????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????
?????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????
??? ????? ??????? ??????, ? ????? ????? ????
?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???
?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???
?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???
???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????
????? ???????? ???????????.
30
Crossing ?- ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??
??????? (?????? ??????) ???? ?? ?????? ????????
?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????
??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????
?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? Conformationa
l change ?????? ???????? ?- ????? ???
??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??
??????? ??????? (??? ????? ??????) ???? ???
?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???
??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??
????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????
?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????
??????. Pore formation ?- ????? ????? ????? ???
??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??
?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ????
??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????
?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????.
Na/ K - Pump ???? ???????? ??????????? ??
????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????
?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????
?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? Na/ K
transporting ATPase Na/ K ATPase ???? ?????
???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????
??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????
?????? ??????????? ??? ??????. ????? ???? ???
??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
31
Na/K pump

1. ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????????
2. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????
   ??? ???? ????? ??????
3. ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????
   ??? ?????? ?? ????? 3 ???? ?????? ?? ????????
   ???? ??? ????? 2??? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????
   ?????? ??? ?? ATP (??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????
   ?? ???? ?????? ????????)
4. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?
5. ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????
   ????????
6. ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????
   ???????? ???????????- ????? ???????? ?????
   ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? -
   ???? ????????????? ???????

32
H pump

• ???? ?? ????????????? ???????????? ???????
• ???? ?? ????? ATP ?????? Oxidative
  phosphorylation ?? ?????????????
  Photophosphorylation ?? ??????????? ??????? ????
  ??? ?? ????
• Coupling factor (F1-ATPase) ???? ???? ??? ???
  ??????????? ?????? ATP

33

• Ca2 -Pump ???? ?????????
• Mg2 ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????
  ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????
  ????????? -
• (Mg2 dependent Ca2 stimulated ATPase )Ca2
  ??????? ????????? ??????????
• Sacroplasmic reticulum ????????? ??????? ?????
  ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????
  ????? ?? ??????-
• ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????,
• - ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????
  ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????
• ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??
  ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????
  ??????
• ??????.
• - ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???????
  ???
• ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ?????? ?????????.
• Transport of amino acids and monosaccharide
• ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???
  ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??
  ???? ??????
• ????? ???? ?????? Na ?????? ??? ???? ????????
  ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????.??? ??? ??
  ????????
• ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????.
• ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? (????
  ????????) ?????? ????? ?????? (????? ??????)
  ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????
  ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????
  ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????
  ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????
  ??????? ???????
• ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??
  ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??????
  ????? ????? ????????

34

• Exocytosis ???????? ?????? Endocytosis ?- ???????
  ??????
• ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????
  ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??
  ??????
• ??????,
• ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???
  ??????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?? ???? ????? ?????
  ???
• ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????
  ????? ????? ?????? ???????? (??? ??????)
  ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????
• ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????
  ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????
  ????? ?????
• ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??
  ??????????? ( ????? ???????).
• ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??
  ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ??????? ???
  ???????? ???
• ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????
  ??????.
• ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????
  ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??
  ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???
  ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????
  ????? ??????? ??????
• Pinocytosis 1- ???????? ??????
• ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? (??? ???????)
  ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? (???
  ???? ????)
• ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????
  ?????????? ??
• ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???
  ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???
  ??????, ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???
  ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????. ?????
  ????
• ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????.

35

• Phagocytosis 2- ???????? ?????? (???????)
• ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????
  (?? ???? ???? ?????) ??? ???? ?????? ????????
  (??????? ??? ?????
• ???? ???????) ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
  ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????
• ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????
  ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????
  ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????
  ????????.
• ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????
  ?????.
• ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.
  ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???
  ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????
  ????? ??????? ????? ?????
• Rhopheocytosis 3- ??????????????
• ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????
  ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????
• ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????
  ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????
  ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???
  ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????
  ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????
  ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????
  23 ?? ???? ????. ???? Ferritin
• ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????
  ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????
  ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????
  ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????
  ????????????.

Reticuloendothelial cells (Ferritin)
Erthroblast island
36
5- Nerve conduction and electrochemical gradient

1. ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????
   ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????????
   ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???
   ???? ?????? ???????? ??????Polarization (??????
   ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????)
2. ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? (Resting potential
   (-90)-(-70
3. ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????
   ??? ???????? ?????????Excitable ?????? ?????
   ??????????? Electrochemical impulses ??? ?????
   ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????
4. ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????
   ?????? ??? ??????

37
???????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????
??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????
?????????? ????? ???????? ???????????
Electrochemical gradient ???? ??? ??? ??? ????
??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????
??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????
?????????? ??? ??????
38
Leakage of Na/K through nerve membrane

1. ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? leak channel Na
   /K ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??Na ??? ??????
   ??????????? ??? ??????
2. ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????
   ????????
3. ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????????
   (Activation gate ??? ????? ???????-
   inactivation gate??? ????? ???????)
4. ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????
   ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????
   ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????
5. ?? ???? Activated state ???? ????? ?????? ??
   ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??Activation gate
   ( ???? ???????? ) ?????? Inactivation gate
6. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? Resting
   potential

39
??? ??? ?????? Origin of the normal resting
membrane potential

1. ?????? ?????????? (????? ?????????? ???? ?????
   ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? )
2. ?????? ????????
3. ???? ???????? ??????????? ( ???? ??? ? ????
   ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? )

40
??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????

• ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
  (???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????(?????
  ??????) ????? ??????)
• ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???
  ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???????
• ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???
  ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????
  ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????.

41
???? ????? ???????? ??? ????

1. Resting stage (polarization)
2. Depolarization stage
3. Repolarization stage

42
Synaptic transmission
43
??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????
??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????
???? ???????? ??????? End plate ????????
????????? ??????? ??????? Sacrolemma

1. ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????
   ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????
   ?? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ??????
   ???????
2. ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????
   ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????????
   ??? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ???
   ?????? ?????????
3. ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?Ca2 ????????
   ???????
4. ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????
   ????? Ca2 ATPase ???? ?????? ????????? ???
   ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????
   ?????? ??????? ? ????????