Discussion and Review

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Unit 2

• Discussion and Review

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Chinas Flourishing Civilization
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Impact of Chinas Geography

• Long distances and physical barriers isolated
  China, blocking cultural diffusion
• Protecting China from invasion
• 3. Isolation contributed to the Chinese belief
  that China was the center of the earth and the
  only civilization.

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Timeline of Chinas Earliest Dynasties
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Religious beliefs of the early Chinese

• Veneration of ancestors
• people prayed to ancestors who would speak to the
  gods on their behalf
• Oracle bones
• Used by Shamans to understand the will of the
  gods and to foresee the future
• Wrote a question on animal bones or turtle shells
  and heated it till it broke
• When it cracked priests interpreted the lines
• Gods controlled the forces of nature and shaped
  destinies.

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Mandate of Heaven

• Mandate of Heaven
• Used to legitimize and strengthen their claims
• chief god Heaven
• the king was the Son of Heaven
• kings rule was a product of the Mandate of
  Heaven
• Incompetent or otherwise unfit would lose the
  Mandate of Heaven

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Religion or Philosophy?

• Traditional Chinese beliefs are often mistakenly
  called religion and they are not
• Confucianism, Legalism and Daoism are not
  religions!
• They are philosophies the Chinese regard as more
  important than religion.

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Confucianism
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Teachings of Confucius

• Chinas most influential scholar was Kongfuzi
  (551-479 BCE)
• concerned with
• how to ensure social order
• good government.
• His teachings were collected in a work called the
  Analects
• Written by his students

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Teachings of Confucius

• Confucius The Analects
• His ideas included that everyone has duties and
• responsibilities
• Filial piety, or respect for parents, is the most
  important duty.
• A ruler has the responsibility to provide good
  government. In return, the people would be
  respectful and loyal subjects.
• Government leaders and officials should be well
  educated.
• Harmony is achieved when people accept their
  place in society.

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Confucianism

• Stressed the importance of moral behavior in five
  basic relationships
• 1. ruler and subject
• 2. parent and child
• 3. husband and wife
• 4. old and young
• 5. friend and friend
• Which did he put the most value in?

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Legalism

• People are evil
• Emphasized the importance of strict laws and
  harsh punishments
• Strong leader and central government
• Became official policy of Qin dynasty

Hanfeizi
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Daoism

• Emphasized living in harmony with nature, for
  example, improving oneself mentally and
  physically.
• A direct reaction to the formalism of
  Confucianism
• Daoism looked for the simple
• Confucianism more concerned with work ethic and
  proper conduct

Laozi
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Yin and Yang

• They are the dynamic force of the Tao, constantly
  interacting with one another
• Ying and Yang
• The female is the yin (shady)
• principal of passive, shaded, and reflective.
  (moon)
• The male is the yang (sunny)
• principle of active, bright, and shining. (sun)

Yang "sun
Yin "moon"
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Chinese Society

• Patriarchal family
• importance of hierarchy
• the dominance of men over women.
• Father has supreme authority!
• arranged marriages
• Men were permitted to have concubines, but only
  one wife.
• Role of the wife
• bear male offspring and honor the ancestors.
• Ying and Yang
• represent the balance of the natural order
• All things in the cosmos are in balance
• men and women play complementary roles in the
  natural order.

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The Dynastic Cycle in China
The dynastic cycle refers to the rise and fall of
dynasties.
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Qin Dynasty

• Shi Huangdi (first emperor) wiped out the Zhou
  and conquered northern China uniting under
  central government
• Enforced legalism

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How Did Shi Huang di Unite China? 

1. He replaced feudal states with military districts
   governed by loyal officials.
2. He sent spies to report on local officials.
3. He forced noble families to live in his capital
   so he could monitor them.
4. He jailed, tortured, and killed those who opposed
   his rule.
5. He had all books of philosophy and literature
   burned.
6. He standardized weights measures, coins, laws
7. He connected the various parts of the Great Wall
   and expanded it. 4,000 miles
8. He eliminated primogeniture and slavery

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Shi Huangdi Army Going to the Afterlife with Him!
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Terra Cotta Soldiers
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Han Dynasty

• The Han dynasty ruled from 207 B.C.E to 220 CE
  rivaled Roman empire in power and achievement

Emperor Wudi
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Han Dynasty

• Established a civil service examination for
  public posts
• Based on merit
• Opportunities for all males. Really?

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The Han Golden Age
MEDICINE

1. Diagnosed diseases.
2. Used herbal remedies and other drugs for
   treatments.
3. Explored uses of acupuncture.

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The Han Golden Age
TECHNOLOGY

• Horse collar
• Watermill
• 3. Made paper out of wood pulp.
• 4. Crossbow

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An old saying
Confucius has a sour look as he tastes the
vinegar. Buddha has a bitter look as he tastes
the vinegar. Laozi has a smile as he tastes the
vinegar.
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Interpretation

• Confucianism saw life as sour, in need of rules
  to correct the degeneration of people
• Buddhism saw life as bitter, dominated by pain
  and suffering
• Daoism saw life as fundamentally good in its
  natural state.
• Another interpretation of the painting is that,
  since the three men are gathered around one vat
  of vinegar, "the three teachings are one".

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Ancient India Ganesha
Castes
Hinduism
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Roots of Hinduism

• Whos the founder?
• No original founder
• Grew out of early Aryan beliefs in multiple Gods.
  
• Is there a sacred text?
• Beliefs come from the Vedas and other Indian
  epics, poems and songs
• Each believer sees Brahman differently

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Polytheistic or monotheistic ?

• Hinduism is sometimes called a polytheistic
  religion, but strictly speaking, this is not
  entirely accurate.
• Hinduism believes in One God (Brahman), but
  recognizes that the One God can appear to humans
  in multiple names and forms
• Three most important gods
• Brahma-the Creator
• Vishnu-the preserver
• Shiva-the destroyer

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Characteristic of gods

• Each god represents a characteristic of Brahman.
• How many gods exist?
• As many as 330 million gods

Brahman the Creatorgod of knowledge intellect
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Reincarnation

• Whats the ultimate goal of existence?
• to achieve moksha, or union with Brahman.
• What is reincarnation?
• the soul (atman) passes through many lifetimes
  before it finally achieves moksha

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Methods to Achieve MokshaKarma

• Explain Karma
• the lifetime actions that affect a persons fate
• Good choices leads to higher rebirth
• Bad choices leads to lower birth maybe a rat or
  an ant

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Methods to Achieve Moksha

• Ahimsa?
• Promote nonviolence toward all living things

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Methods to Achieve Moksha

• What is Dharma?
• Follow the religious moral duties of your varna
  or caste
• Code of conduct for each caste

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Harijan "outside" the caste system(once known
as "untouchables")

• The Untouchables were thought to be dirty and
  not pure.
• There jobs consisted of cleaning the sewers and
  digging graves
• Represented about 20 of the population

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Effects of the Caste Duty

• Ensured social order. How?
• Caste rules governed every aspect of life
  clothes, foods, friendship, marriage, job,
  neighborhood and education
• Law of Karma determined caste
• It gave people a sense of identity

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Hinduism

• What does the red dot represent?
• symbolizes the mark of the supreme being and
  identifies you as Hindu.

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Hinduism Today

• 3rd largest religion in the world
• Estimated I billion Hindus in the world.
• Mostly live in India and Nepal.

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Indias Caste SystemStill Alive Today!

• Though the castes system is now illegal by Indian
  law - its duties still remain a strong social
  influence.
• There are very few who will ignore the duties
  but if it happens it is generally in the urban
  areas.

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Indias Caste SystemStill Alive Today!

• They died for love
• In 2002, two teenagers (16 17) killed by their
  father and brother for dating outside their
  caste!
• Another young female teen in 2000 was hung in
  public display for her young male lover to see
  what happens when you venture outside your caste!
  
• None of these were give a proper Hindu funeral,
  all of the family members and the village ignored
  this key Hindu teaching.

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Rise of Buddhism

• Many Hindus grew dissatisfied with religion
  looking for more spirituality.

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Siddhartha Gautama

• Born around 566 BCE
• Founder of Buddhism
• Grew up an Indian prince surrounded by wealth and
  luxury
• Saddened by amount of suffering by people.

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Buddha The Enlightened One

• Four Noble Truths
• 1. All life is full of suffering
• 2. The cause of suffering is wrong desires like
  wealth and power
• 3. The only cure for suffering is to overcome
  desire
• 4. The way overcome is by following the Noble
  Eight- fold Path.

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The Teachings of the Buddha

• Enlightenment is achieved through meditation.

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The Teachings of the Buddha

• What is the ultimate goal?
• reach nirvana, or union with the universe and
  release from the cycle of rebirth.
• Life is no longer filled with suffering and
  pain!

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How Buddhism Spread from India to East Asia
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Spread of Buddhism

• How did Buddhism Spread?
• Missionaries and Traders helped to spread
  Buddhism across India to many parts of Asia.

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Geography

• Political fragmentation throughout much of
  Indias History
• Complex social hierarchy, many language and
  ethnic groups, political and social division
• Mauryan Empire lasted from (322 B.C.E to 185
  B.C.E.
• Situation on rich alluvial soil and mineral
  deposits.

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Trade/Economy

• Mauryan empire was driven by agriculture
• Farmers were free of tax and crop collections
• Internal trade expanded greatly due to newfound
  political unity and internal peace
• Chandragupta established single currency coinage
  across India.

Silver punch mark coin
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Writing System
Sanskrit - was the writing system that was used
during the Mauryan Empire. Only used by scholars
however.
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Religious Beliefs
Hinduism
Buddhism
Jainism
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Gender and Family Structure

• Hierarchy
• Husbands, fathers were dominant, women were
  always submissive
• Laws limited womens life and abilities.

• The Caste System
• Regulated the marriages
• Passed down the family, hard to move upward.

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The Arts
Stupa
The Mauryan Empire were the first in India to
transition from wood to stone in their
architecture and art.
Pillars
Coins
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Asoka (304 232 BCE)

• Religious conversion after the gruesome
  battle of Kalinga in 262 BCE.
• Dedicated his life to Buddhism.
• Built extensive roads.
• Conflict ? how to balance the
  methods of keeping power and
  Buddhas demands to become a
  selfless person?

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Asokas Empire
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Asokas law code

• Edicts scattered in more than 30 places in
  India, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan.
• Written mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in
  Greek and Aramaic.
• 10 rock edicts.
• Each pillar stupa is 40-50 high.
• Buddhist principles dominate his laws.

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Gupta Empire 320 CE 647 CE
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Gupta Rulers

• Chandra Gupta I
• r. 320 335 CE
• Great King of Kings
• Controlled a powerful national army
• Chandra Gupta II
• r. 375 - 415 CE
• Profitable trade with the Mediterranean
  world!
• 25 tax on agricultural produce
• Hindu revival.

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Fa-Hsien Life in Gupta India

• Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Silk
  Road and visited India in the 5c.
• He was following the path of the Buddha.
• He reported the people to be happy, relatively
  free of government oppression, and inclined
  towards courtesy and charity. Other references in
  the journal, however, indicate that the caste
  system was rapidly assuming its basic features,
  including "untouchability," the social isolation
  of a lowest class that is doomed to menial labor.

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International Trade Routes during the Guptas
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Extensive Trade4c
spices
silks
cotton goods
spices
rice wheat
horses
gold ivory
gold ivory
cotton goods
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GuptaArt
Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art
architecture.
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Gupta Achievements
1000 diseasesclassified
500 healingplants identified
Printedmedicinal guides
Kalidasa
Literature
Medicine
PlasticSurgery
GuptaIndia
Inoculations
C-sectionsperformed
SolarCalendar
Astronomy
Mathematics
DecimalSystem
The earthis round
PI 3.1416
Conceptof Zero
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The Decline of the Guptas

• Invasion of the White Huns in the 4c signaled
  the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even though at
  first, the Guptas defeated them.
• Collapse 550 CE
• After the decline of the Gupta empire, north
  India broke into a number of separate Hindu
  kingdoms and was not really unified again until
  the coming of the Muslims in the 7c.

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Indian women during the Gupta Empire?

• Why did their status declined noticeably since
  the Vedic period?
• the emergence of a nonagricultural middle class,
  which placed a high value on the acquisition and
  inheritance of property.
• Women lost
• the right to own and inherit property.
• Could not participating in many religious
  ceremonies.
• Marriage
• (Young age 6 or 7) intended to ensure that a
  woman would behave according to her husbands
  wishes.
• Ritual of Sati
• extreme example (a widow was expected to cremate
  herself on her husbands funeral)