Questionnaire

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Questionnaire
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Personality

• Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and
  thinking about the environment and oneself, which
  are exhibited in a wide range of important social
  and personal contexts

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Personality Disorder

• Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and
  thinking about the environment and oneself that
  are exhibited in a wide range of important social
  and personal contexts, and are inflexible and
  maladaptive, and cause either significant
  functional impairment or subjective distress

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Characteristics of PD

• 1) Unusually extreme
• 2) Problematic
• The person or others

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Characteristics of PD

• 3) Social
• Manifest during interactions with others
• 4) Stable
• Typically become visible during adolescence and
  persist throughout life
• 5) Ego-Syntonic
• Person with PD doesnt think anything is wrong

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Types of Personality Disorders

• A) Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety
• B) Disorders in relating with others
• C) Disorders in thinking and lack of contact with
  reality
• All disorders have some of these characteristics

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10 Personality Disorders

• Dependent Personality Disorder
• Avoidant Personality Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
• Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Histrionic Personality Disorder
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Schizoid Personality Disorder
• Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• Borderline Personality Disorder

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Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety

• Dependent Personality Disorder
• Avoidant Personality Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

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Score

• 16 T
• 35 T
• 45 T
• 47 T
• 56 T
• 73 T

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Dependent Personality Disorder

• A pattern of submissive and clinging behavior
  related to an excessive need to be taken care of
• Fear of separation
• Easily hurt by criticism
• Let others make important decisions for them and
  often jump from relationship to relationship
• They often remain in abusive, exploitative
  relationships
• Can only function within a relationship

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Score

• 18 T
• 40 T
• 47 T
• 48 T
• 57 F
• 69 T
• 80 F

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Avoidant Personality Disorder

• A pattern of social inhibition, feelings of
  inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative
  evaluation

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Avoidant Personality Disorder

• Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by
  pervasive and extreme social anxiety
• People with this disorder often feel inadequate,
  avoid social situations,
• They are fearful of being rejected and worry
  about embarrassing themselves in front of others
• They exaggerate the potential difficulties of new
  situations to rationalize avoiding them
• They yearn for social relations yet feel they are
  unable to obtain them (are unworthy of them)

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Score

• 2 T
• 7 F
• 14 F
• 22 F
• 29 T
• 41 F
• 53 F
• 59 T

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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

• A pattern of preoccupation with orderliness,
  perfectionism, and control at the expense of
  flexibility

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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

• Four of the following
• 1) Over concern with rules and details
• 2) Perfectionism
• 3) Workaholism
• 4) Inflexibility
• A set way of thinking or behaving

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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

• 5) Packrat behavior
• Note seems opposite to other aspects (Freud)
• 6) Inability to delegate
• 7) Miserliness
• 8) Rigidity and stubbornness

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Disorders in relating to others

• Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Histrionic Personality Disorder
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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Score

• 6 T
• 8 T
• 33 T
• 42 T
• 48 T
• 49 T
• 60 T

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

• A pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such
  that others motives are interpreted as
  malevolent
• Preoccupied with concerns about the loyalty and
  trustworthiness of others
• Misinterpret or over interpret situations in line
  with their suspicions
• Suspicious of others motives
• Sees hidden messages in benign comments

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Score

• 10 F
• 21 T
• 24 F
• 27 F
• 32 T
• 48 F
• 51 T
• 57 T

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

• A pattern of excessive emotionality and attention
  seeking
• Pursue attention by being highly dramatic or
  overtly seductive
• Tend to exaggerate friendships and relationships,
  believing that everyone loves them
• Seek re-assurance, praise
• Shallow emotions, flamboyant, self-centred

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Score

• 7 T
• 13 T
• 14 T
• 17 T
• 21 T
• 38 T
• 41 T
• 52 T
• 53 T

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

• A pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the
  rights of others
• Poor control of impulses, low tolerance of
  frustration
• Psychopath and sociopath are sometimes used to
  refer to those with antisocial personality
  disorder
• Have a lack of conscience, coldness and
  callousness
• Prone to violent criminal behavior, believing
  that their victims are weak and deserving of
  being taken advantage of
• They are often aggressive and are much more
  concerned with their own needs than the needs of
  others
• Although they can be gracious and cheerful until
  they get what they want e.g. Hannibal Lecter
• Little anxiety

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Score

• 5 T
• 21 T
• 26 T
• 31 T
• 38 T
• 40 F
• 57 T
• 67 T
• 69 F
• 80 T

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

• A pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration,
  and a sense of self-importance

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

• Five of the following
• 1) Grandiose sense of self-importance
• 2) Preoccupation with fantasies of ultimate
  attainment
• 3) Belief he or she should only associate with
  others who are special.

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

• 4) Requirement for excessive admiration.
• 5) Sense of entitlement
• 6) Exploitation of others

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

• 7) Lack of empathy
• 8) Enviousness
• 9) Arrogant behavior and attitudes

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Disorders of thinking and lack of contact with
reality

• Schizoid Personality Disorder
• Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• Borderline Personality Disorder

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Score

• 4 T
• 10 T
• 27 T
• 32 F
• 38 T
• 46 T
• 48 T
• 57 F

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Schizoid Personality Disorder

• A pattern of detachment from social relationships
  and restricted range of emotional expression
• Indifferent to relationships
• Limited social range (some are hermits)
• Aloof, detached, called loners
• No apparent need of friends, sex
• Solitary activities

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Types of Personality Disorders

• A) Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety
• B) Disorders in relating with others
• C) Disorders in thinking and lack of contact with
  reality
• All disorders have some of these characteristics

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10 Personality Disorders

• Dependent Personality Disorder
• Avoidant Personality Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
• Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Histrionic Personality Disorder
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Schizoid Personality Disorder

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Score

• 8 T
• 48 T
• 69 T
• 71 T
• 76 T

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder

• A pattern of acute discomfort in close
  relationships, cognitive or perceptual
  distortions, and eccentricities of behavior
• They generally engage in eccentric behavior and
  have difficulty concentrating for long periods of
  time.
• Like people with schizoid PD, those with
  shizotypal PD tend to be socially isolated, be
  uncomfortable in interpersonal relationships and
  have a restricted range of emotions

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder

• Their speech is often over elaborate and
  difficult to follow i.e. tangential, vague.
• May have inappropriate emotional responses (or
  none at all)
• May be easily distracted, become fixated, or lost
  in fantasy
• Many believe that schizotypal personality
  disorder represents mild schizophrenia, but SPDs
  maintain basic contact with reality

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Score

• 7 T
• 22 T
• 30 T
• 41 T
• 72 T

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Borderline Personality Disorder

• A pattern of instability in interpersonal
  relationships, self-image, and affects, and
  marked impulsivity
• Instability
• Mood instability with bouts of severe depression,
  anxiety or anger
• Unstable self concept with periods of extreme
  self-doubt and others of grandiose importance
• Unstable interpersonal relationships from
  idealizing to despising (and promiscuity)

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Borderline Personality Disorder

• A tendency towards impulsive and self-destructive
  behaviors, and out of control emotions

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Borderline Personality Disorder

• Five of the following
• 1) Rapid mood shifts
• 2) Uncontrollable anger
• 3) Self-destructive acts

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Borderline Personality Disorder

• 4) Self-damaging behaviors
• 5) Identity disturbance
• 6) Chronic emptiness

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Borderline Personality Disorder

• 7) Unstable relationships
• View people as all good or all bad
• 8) Fear of abandonment
• 9) Confusion and feelings of unreality

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How is a diagnosis made?
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DSM-IV Categorical Approach

• Based on the medical model
• Disorder is present or absent

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Advantages of Categorical System

• Ease in conceptualization and communication
• Familiarity
• Consistency with clinical decision making

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Assumptions of the DSM

• Personality pathology is suited to be classified
  into discrete types or disorders
• These disorders group themselves into three
  clusters
• The diagnostic criteria naturally fall into the
  particular personality disorders to which they
  have been assigned

Empirical Evidence doesnt support these
assumptions!!!
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Disadvantages of the Categorical Approach

• Arbitrary cut-off points
• Loss of important information
• Will likely utilize a dimensional approach in
  DSM-V

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Alternative conceptualisations of Personality
Disorders

• Personality disorders can also be considered
  within the context of personality
• Provides a better understanding of each PD
• Five Factor Model
• Interpersonal Circumplex

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Personality Disorder N E A C O
Schizotypal High Low High
Schizoid Low Low
Paranoid High Low
Histrionic High High High High
Narcissistic High Low High High
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Personality Disorder N E A C O
Antisocial High High Low Low
Borderline High Low Low
Dependent High High
Avoidant High Low
Obsessive-Compulsive High Low High Low
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Interpersonal Circumplex Model

• Posits that all personality can be captured by
  two primary dimensions
• Nurturance versus cold-heartedness
• Dominance versus submission

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Personality

• An individual's characteristic patterns of
  thought, emotion, and behavior

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First Question I asked

• What do we know when we know a person?

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How can you figure out WHO a person is?

• Ask the person (S data)
• Ask others about the person (I data)
• Look at the persons life (L data)
• Look at what the person does (B data)
• BLIS

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A more structured way to find out who a person
is

• Standardized Tests!
• Rational Method
• Projective Tests
• Factor Analytic Method
• Empirical Method
• Combination of Methods

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Basic Approaches

• Trait Approach
• The Single-Trait Approach
• e.g., authoritarinsim, self-monitoring, etc.
• The Many-Trait Approach
• e.g., CAQ
• The Essential-Trait Approach
• e.g., The Big Five
• The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
• e.g., circumplex, sphere

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Basic Approaches

• Biological / Evolutionary Approach
• Behavior Genetics
• Twin Studies
• Evolutionary Psychology
• The blind watchmaker
• Jealousy
• Attraction
• Exotic becomes erotic

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Basic Approaches

• Psychoanalytic Approach
• Freud
• Psychosexual development
• Parts of the mind
• Defense mechanisms
• Subliminal Messages
• Slips of the tongue
• Humor

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Basic Approaches

• Psychoanalytic Approach
• Neo Freudians
• Carl Jung
• Collective UCS, Archetypes, Dreams
• Alfred Adler
• Striving for superiority, Birth order
• Karen Horney
• Basic anxiety, Coping with anxiety (moving
  toward, away, against)
• Erik Erickson
• Development across the lifespan

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Basic Approaches

• Phenomenological Approach
• Philosophical roots
• Free will, awareness, meaning
• Carl Rogers
• Self-Actualization, Conditions of worth
• Abraham Maslow
• Hierarcy or Needs, Self-Actualization and Flow

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Basic Approaches

• Behaviorism
• Philosophical roots
• Empiricism, Associationism, Hedonism
• Habituation
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning

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Basic Approaches

• Social Learning Theory
• Dollard and Miller
• Habit Hierarchy, Approach-Avoidance Conflict,
  Defense Mechanisms
• Rotter
• BP, Expectancy, Locus of Control, RV
• Bandura
• Efficacy, Observational Learning, Reciprocal
  Determinism

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Basic Approaches

• Cognitive Approach
• Perceptual processes
• Priming, aggression, rejection sensitivity
• Self processes
• Self-schemas
• Strategic and motivational processes
• Optimistic vs. pessimistic, Nomothetic Goals,
  Idiographic Goals

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First Question I asked

• What do we know when we know a person?
• Each approach presents a different way to think
  about personality.
• Each approach asks and answers different
  questions.
• You must decide which approach is most valid!
• This is what makes PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY fun!

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Applications of Personality

• Personality Disorders
• Modern personality research
• Person x Situation
• Personality Romantic Relationships

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