USH

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USH

• Unit 1
• Colonial America

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Reasons for Colonization

• As the Age of Exploration was underway, each
  European country had specific reasons for their
  colonization of the New World.
• They can be broken down into three main
  categories Political, Economic, and Cultural.

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Spain Central America, South America
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1. Political reasons The Spanish Empire!

• Spain wanted to conquer land in order to increase
  the size of its empire.
• (In those days, a countrys political power
  depended upon the size of its empire.)
• Spain had colonies in New Spain, with Mexico City
  as the capital.
• Thanks to the Americas, the Spanish Empire was
  the mightiest in the world.

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2. Economic reasons Gold!

• Spain wanted to discover gold.
• (In those days, a countrys economic power was
  measured by gold.)
• When they found gold, they set up mining
  settlements.
• When they did not find gold, they set up
  settlements for farming and trade.
• Native Americans were often enslaved to work on
  ranches and in the mines.
• European diseases (smallpox) killed the majority
  of Native Americans.
• Bartolomé de Las Casas publicized the plight of
  Native Americans and recommended African slavery!

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3. Cultural reasons Convert people to
Christianity!

• Spain wanted to Christianize the native peoples.
• The Spanish government set up three different
  types of settlements
• a. the presidio - a military fort
• b. the pueblo - for ranching, farming and trade
• c. the mission - for religious work

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France Netherlands

• France discovered Canada and Louisiana
• they set up trading posts for fur trading
• the French government did not encourage
  immigrants to live in Canada
• The Netherlands discovered New Amsterdam
• It was established for trade

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England
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Economic Reasons

• England had high unemployment.
• English factories needed raw materials.
• English factories needed a market for their
  goods.

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Political Reasons

• The English sought a sea route to Asia.
• To trade with India and China, plus beat out
  Spain.
• The English were hunting gold, to increase the
  royal treasury
• The English sought territory, to increase the
  size of the British Empire
• The English wanted a buffer against the Spanish.
• The settlement of Georgia prevented the Spanish
  from moving north from Florida.

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Cultural Reasons

• Many people sought religious freedom

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Connect to Today

• Why do people decided to come to America now?

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The First Settlement in America
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• The first set of colonists returned home in
  despair, but the second set of colonists
  mysteriously disappeared.
• Supposedly, a tree was found some years later
  with the letter ROA carved into.
• There were no known survivors!
• As a group create at least 3 theories as to what
  happened to the colonists.

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Jamestown

• Colony was owned by a joint-stock company called
  the Virginia Company (VA).
• The colony was named in honor of King James I.
• The colony overcame several hardships.
• It started out with approximately 10,000 people,
  but was reduced to 20 by 1622.

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Jamestown

• The colony struggled mightily due to people not
  working, poor leadership, and its bad location.
• In the beginning, Native Americans helped the
  colonists survive, Powhatan and Pocahontas, but
  due to the Britishs attitude towards the Native
  Americans, the relationship fell apart and became
  adversarial.
• The only thing that kept the colony from
  completely failing was tobacco.
• Tobacco became a very important cash crop for
  the colonies.
• Colonists in the South became extremely wealthy
  cultivating tobacco for European consumers.

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Headright System

• Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose
  passage they paid.

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The House of Burgesses

• In 1619, the VA Company offered free land to
  people under the headright system.
• Because of the system, the wealthy colonists were
  able to acquire more land and therefore they
  created the first representative body called the
  House of Burgesses (HOB).
• The HOB was elected by 17 year old male
  landowners.
• It had the power to make laws and raise taxes.

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Jamestown

• In 1624, the King of England took over Virginia.
• The Virginia Company ran into hard times and went
  bankrupt.
• Virginia was making lots of money and the King
  did not want it to fail.
• Virginia became the first royal colony.

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Native American Relations

• As Jamestown continues to expand, and gain in
  population, relations with local tribes began to
  sour.
• The Native Americans tried many times to fight
  the colonial expansion.
• The Algonquin Tribe, Powhatans tribe, was nearly
  eradicated by English efforts.
• Ultimately, the Native Americans lost and were
  forced to either leave the land or be placed on
  reservations.
• This will become a common theme in American
  History.

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Nathaniel Bacon
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• William Berkley was the appointed royal governor
  of Potomac Valley in Virginia.
• During his rule, he heavily taxed the farmers
  planters of Virginia and rewarded the wealthy
  class.
• Berkley not offended the planters, but he
  offended many Native American tribes as well.
• He left the poorer colonists in the outskirts of
  the colony without any protection from the
  onslaught of Native American attacks.

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Bacons Rebellion
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• When war erupted in 1675 between the Indians and
  settlers, the settlers wanted to exterminate all
  of the colonys Indians.
• Berkley was against this idea, so under the
  leadership of Nathaniel Bacon a revolt took place
  in September of 1676.
• Bacon and his men slaughtered both hostile and
  peaceful Indians.
• They also managed to drive out Berkley and burned
  the town.
• His main reason for the rebellion was that the
  poor farmers were ignored by the wealthy
  settlers, and they were left to defend themselves
  against the attacks of the hostile Indians.
• What would you have done?

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Indentured Servitude

• Indenture Contract
• 5-7 years.
• Promised freedom dues
• Forbidden to marry.
• 1610-1614 only 1 in 10 outlived their
  indentured contracts!

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The Development of Slavery

• During the late 1600s, England economy started to
  improve.
• This improvement meant that there were fewer
  indentured servants to come to the colonies to be
  used for labor on the tobacco farms.
• This will lead to the started importation of
  African slaves.

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The Puritans

• The Plymouth Colony
• The Puritans wanted to remove all vestiges of
  Catholicism from the Anglican Church (Church of
  England)
• The Pilgrims established the Plymouth colony as a
  place to practice the Puritan religion
• They were NOT tolerant of other religions!!
• In a view of things to come in New England, fish,
  fur and lumber become economic staples

• Massachusetts Bay Colony
• In 1629 a new group of Puritans gained a royal
  charter for a new colony
• Just one year later, a wave of new Puritan
  immigrants, including John Winthrop, came to the
  New World
• This was known as the Great Migration
• Most were seeking freedom or fleeing the civil
  war in England

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The Puritans

• One of the first groups of Europeans to arrive.
• The left England in order to escape religious
  persecution.
• They wanted to establish their own form of
  government.
• They knew the reasons Jamestown had so many
  issues was that it had no strong form of
  government
• They all signed an agreement called the Mayflower
  Compact, which is considered to be the first form
  of government in America.

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The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620
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Mayflower Compact

• What is and why is it important?
• Quite simply put, The Mayflower Compact
  acknowledges a simple little fact that is
  gigantic in its implications
• We, the people, form the government.
• By what right did they form a government?
• The Pilgrims believed in self-government.
• Why? Because they read the Bible!
• More specifically, a belief in self-government

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Problems in New England

• The Halfway Covenant
• The weakening of Puritan control led them to
  adopt the Halfway Covenant
• People could become members of the church w/o
  making a full declaration of their belief in
  Christ
• This was generally adopted because of the
  lessening interest of the colonial-born
  population in religious matters

• King Phillips War
• The New England Confederation fought a vicious
  war against, Metacom, who had united the tribes
  in and around New England
• The colonists eventually prevailed and this was
  the last significant challenge posed by the N.A.
  in New England

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Bell Ringer(s)

• Complete the Puritan Crime Punishment
  worksheet.
• Any words you dont know, look them up

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John Winthrop

• Well-off attorney and manor lord in England.
• A Model of Christian Charity.
• Became 1st governor of Massachusetts.
• Believed that he had a calling from God to lead
  there.
• Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19
  years.

..we shall be as a City on a hill.The eyes of
all people are upon us.
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Breaking Away

• Rhode Island
• Founded by Roger Williams as a haven for
  religious tolerance
• Created to escape the intolerance of Puritan
  society for different religions.

• Connecticut
• The first constitution in America was drawn up by
  those in Conn.
• The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut established
  a representative government.
• Its royal charter allowed them the freedom to
  choose their own governor

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The Bloody Tenant of Persecution by Roger
Williams 1644
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Puritan Rebels

• Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman.
• Threatened patriarchal control.
• Antinomialism direct revelation
• Means against the law.
• Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of
  predestination.
• Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.
• Truly saved didnt need to obey the law of either
  God or man.

AnneHutchinson
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The 13 Colonies

• Types of colonies
• A corporate colony English investors formed a
  joint-stock company and pooled their money.
• A proprietary colony The King gave his favorite
  friend a land grant.
• A self-governing colony White men of property
  elected the government.
• A royal colony Ruled by a royal governor
  (appointed by the King).
• At first, most were corporate colonies. By 1776,
  most were royal colonies.

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New England Colonies

• harsh climate, infertile soils, small farms,
  lumber, fishing, shipbuilding. Heavy Puritan
  influence.
• Label
• Massachusetts
• New Hampshire
• Connecticut
• Rhode Island

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Middle Colonies

• milder climate, fertile soils, mixed agriculture,
  ethnically mixed, Dutch, German, British. Many
  Quakers.
• Label
• New York
• Delaware
• New Jersey
• Pennsylvania

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The Chesapeake

• tobacco plantations, more aristocratic, Church of
  England, hot, wet, unhealthy.
• Label
• Virginia
• Maryland

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The South

• big plantations, indigo, rice, cotton,
  communication by river, horrible roads,
  indentured labor followed by slaves.
• Label
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
• Georgia

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The Middle Colonies

• These colonies were created mainly around the
  idea of trade.
• New York was originally owned by the Dutch and
  called New Amsterdam.
• The English took it over and renamed it when they
  saw the Dutch making money and working with the
  Native Americans.
• Pennsylvania was created to provide a safe place
  for Quakers to worship and allow for religious
  tolerance.

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New France (Canada)

• The French established the colony of Quebec in
  modern day Canada.
• The French worked closely with the Native
  Americans to control the fur trade.
• The French were not interested in long term
  settlement of the New World.

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Mercantilism

• The economic system of the colonial period
• It held that a country should try to get and keep
  as much bullion as possible.
• The colonies provided raw materials for British
  production
• The British would manufacture goods and send them
  back to the colonies and around the world
• The Acts of Trade and Navigation
• Colonial ships could only trade with the British
• All imports into colonial America had to travel
  through British ports
• Certain goods could be exported to England ONLY

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Salutary Neglect

• The British realized that the most salutary, or
  beneficial, policy was to neglect their colonies.
• The British government was very lax in enforcing
  the Navigation Acts
• This allowed the colonies to develop their own
  governments and economic policies.
• It gave the colonies their first sense of
  freedom.

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Triangular Trade
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The Origins of American Slavery

• Most records point to the first African slaves
  arriving in Jamestown in 1619.
• A Dutch ship had taken about 20 captured Africans
  from a Spanish ship bound for Mexico when the
  Dutch landed in Virginia, they traded the
  Africans for supplies and repairs to their ship.
• The first blacks brought to the New World were
  not slaves in the strict sense of the word
  instead, they came here as servants.
• However, by 1640within a generation of the first
  blacks arriving in the coloniesmany states had
  made slavery a legal institution.
• Slaves had became chattel property, and could
  be treated, bought, or sold at the whim of their
  masters.

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• The Middle Passage represented part of the
  so-called Triangular Trade, which linked
  Africa, the Americas, and Europe.
• Ships would leave Europe en route to Africa
  packed with trade goods such as textiles, rum,
  and other manufactured items.
• In Africa, the slavers would trade goods with
  tribes for prospective slaves.
• Slaves would then be transported to the
  Americas.

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The Routes of the Middle Passage
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Middle Passage

• After the slaves were delivered to the Americas,
  the now-empty slave ships would pick up raw
  materials to be used by European countries to
  manufacture more trade goods.
• This economic system fueled the demand for slaves
  in the New World.
• Some estimate that more than 10,000,000 Africans
  ended up in the Americas through the Triangular
  Trade..
• It is estimated that an average of 10 to 40
  percent of the Africans on a slave ship typically
  died in the crossing.

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Bell Ringer(s)

1. Describe the Triangular Trade route.
2. When did the first slaves arrive in America?

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Enlightenment Colonialism

• During the Renaissance, philosophers began to
  stress the use of reason and the scientific
  method to obtain knowledge.
• The ideas about nature prevailed in the movement
  known as the Enlightenment.
• Ideas about the Enlightenment traveled from
  Europe to the colonies.
• The most prominent figure of Enlightenment in the
  colonies was Benjamin Franklin.

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Benjamin Franklin

• Considered to be a true Renaissance Man.
• He was an author, inventor, and statesman.
• Took to the notion of obtaining truth through
  experimentation and reason.
• He is often considered one of the founding
  fathers of our country.

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The Great Awakening

• As colonial America developed, much of the
  original religious fervor had died.
• The spread of Enlightened ideas caused the
  Puritan church to loose much of its influence.
• The new charter of Massachusetts forced Puritans
  to allow freedom of worship and banned the
  practice of permitting only Puritan church
  members to vote.
• Puritans began to develop a taste for fine
  houses, stylish clothes, good food, and wine.
• The interest in maintaining the strict Puritan
  code declined.
• With the increase in material comfort, membership
  in the church decreased.

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Jonathan Edwards

• Sought to revive the intensity and dedication to
  the original Puritan vision.
• Preached that church attendance was not enough
  for salvation, people needed to feel their
  sinfulness and Gods love.

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When sinners hear of hells torments, they
sometimes think with themselvesWell, if it
shall come to that, . . . I will bear it as well
as I can. . . . but when theyare in hell, they
will not be able to keep alive any courage, any
strength, anycomfort, any hope at all.

• Jonathan Edwards, The Future Punishment of the
• Wicked (1741)

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The God that holds you over the pit of Hell,
much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome
insect over the fire, abhors hates you, and is
dreadfully provoked his wrath towards you burns
like fire, he looks upon you a worthy of nothing
else but to be cast into the fireand yet it is
nothing but his hand that holds you from falling
into the fire every moment.

• Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an
  Angry God (1741)

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• A movement swept across the colonies in the early
  1700s called the Great Awakening
• The Great Awakening stirs people to rededicate
  themselves to God.
• It was a revival of the religious ideals that had
  been the foundation of America
• It lasted throughout the 1740s and 1750s

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• It brought many colonists, as well as Native
  Americans and African Americans into organized
  churches for the first time.
• Church services became more emotional and pastors
  actually lost control of some of their parishes
  as individuals become more apt to study the bible
  in their homes.
• Significantly, this was the first truly AMERICAN
  movement. It was not borrowed from Europe.
• The Great Awakening and Enlightenment emphasized
  opposing aspects of human experience, emotion and
  reason.
• They both caused people to question traditional
  authority.