Title: Social Movements of the 1960
1Social Movements of the 1960s
2The Start of the Womens Movement
- The Feminist Movement began in the late 1800s
- Concentrated on gaining right to vote
- Seneca Falls Convention
- Declaration of Sentiments
- 19th Amendment ratified in 1920
3Reproductive Rights
- Margaret Sanger opens birth control clinic in
1923 - Shut down by policethen reopened
- Birth control information is declared to be not
obscene in 1936 - Birth control pills are developed and first
approved by FDA in 1960
4Equal Pay??
- Stereotypes in the 19th century and early 20th
century limited women to household jobs or low
paying jobs - By the early 1960s, about half of all women held
a job - President Kennedys Commission on the Status of
Women is established in 1960 - But on average, women still made only .63 to
every 1 men made
5Equal Pay Act
- Congress passes the Equal Pay Act in 1963, making
it illegal for employers to pay a woman less than
what a man would receive for the same job - Since 1963, when the Equal Pay Act was signed,
the closing of the wage gap between men and women
has been at a rate of about half a penny a year.
6Impact of the 1964 Civil Rights Act on Womens
Rights
- Many women who had been involved with the Civil
Rights Movement applied techniques to their own
struggles - A section of the 1964 Civil Rights Act called
Title VII contained a section that outlawed
discrimination on the basis of gender - This Act gave feminist groups legal standing
- Extremely important!
7Civil Rights Act- Title VII
- "No person in the United States shall, on the
basis of sex, be excluded from participation in,
be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to
discrimination under any educational program or
activity receiving federal financial assistance."
8Betty Friedan
- Women began looking for
- ways to explore other aspects
- of their lives
- Betty Friedans book, The Feminine Mystique,
influenced many lives - The book described the cultural patterns that
prevented women from achieving their full
potential - AKA as the problem that has no name
9NOW
- The National Organization of Women
- Founded in 1966 by Friedan and others
- Sought pay and job equality
- Called for more of an balance in child rearing
and household responsibilities - Served as the major vehicle to end sex
discrimination and promote equality
10Ms Magazine
- Ms. Magazine was first published as a sample
insert in New York magazine 300,000 copies are
sold out in 8 days. - The first regular issue was published in July
1972. - The magazine became the major forum for feminist
voices, and cofounder and editor Gloria Steinem
is launched as an icon of the modern feminist
movement
11The Equal Rights Amendment
- The 26th Amendment (proposed)
- Proposed 1972 change to the U.S. Constitution
- Equality of rights under the law shall not be
deniedon account of sex. - Did not receive needed 38 states proposal died
in 1982
12Roe v Wade
- Landmark Supreme Court case in 1973
- Legalized abortion in the U.S.
- Became a radical cause on both sides
13Equal Credit Opportunity Act
- The Equal Credit Opportunity Act was passed in
1974 - It prohibits discrimination in consumer credit
practices on the basis of sex, race, marital
status, religion, national origin, age, or
receipt of public assistance.
14Opposition to Womens Movement
- Phyllis Schlafly, a conservative political
activist led a campaign to block passage of the
ERA - Feared that the ERA would lead to women in
combat, coed bathrooms, and the end of
traditional families - Became powerful political force
15The Impact of Feminism
- More women entered college, law school, and
medical school - Women were admitted to military and police
academies - Women became more involved in politics
- Women became more involved in popular music
- I Am Woman by Helen Reddy
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17I Am Woman
- I am woman, hear me roar
- In numbers too big to ignore
- And I know too much
- To go back an' pretend
- 'Cause I've heard it all before
- And I've been down there on the floor
- No one's ever gonna
- Keep me down again.
18You can bend but never break me'Cause it only
serves to make meMore determined to achieve my
final goalAnd I come back even strongerNot a
novice any longer'Cause you've deepened the
conviction in my soul
- Oh yes, I am wiseBut it's wisdom born of
painYes, I've paid the priceBut look how much I
gainedIf I have toI can do anythingI am strong
(strong)I am invincible (invincible)I am woman
19I am woman watch me growSee me standing toe to
toeAs I spread my lovin' arms across the
landBut I'm still an embryoWith a long, long
way to goUntil I make my brother understand
- Oh, yes, I am wiseBut it's wisdom born of
painYes, I've paid the priceBut look how much I
gainedIf I have toI can face anythingI am
strong (strong)I am invincible (invincible)I am
woman
20- Oh, I am womanI am invincibleI am strongI am
womanI am invincibleI am strongI am woman
Oh, yes, I am wiseBut it's wisdom born of
painYes, I've paid the priceBut look how much I
gainedIf I have toI can face anythingI am
strong (strong)I am invincible (invincible)I am
woman
21Ethnic Minorities Seek Equality
- Latinos
- Asian-Americans
- Native Americans
22Latinos
- Latino population was growing quickly
- Family origins in Latin America
- Also known as Chicanos in 1960s-1970s
- Had been seen as outsiders and denied employment,
education, and housing - Large numbers of Latinos and Chicanos began to
organize themselves into powerful political
groups
23Civil Rights for Latinos
- The Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, one
of the least studied social movements of the
1960s, encompassed a broad cross section of
issuesfrom restoration of land grants, to farm
workers rights, to enhanced education, to voting
and political rights. - Also known as the Chicano Movement addressed
negative stereotyping of Mexicans in mass media
and the American consciousness through the
creation of works of literary and visual art that
validated the Mexican-American ethnicity and
culture.
- http//www.albany.edu/jmmh/vol3/chicano/chicano.ht
ml
24Important Milestones
- The Bracero Program, created under a joint
U.S.-Mexico agreement in 1942, permits Mexican
nationals to work in U.S. agricultural areas on a
temporary basis and at wages lower than domestic
workers - The Bracero Program is terminated in 1963.
- In 1968, the U.S. Congress designated "National
Hispanic Week" in mid-September, to coincide with
the Independence Day celebrations in Costa Rica,
El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua on
September 15, and with Mexico's Independence Day
on September 16. In 1988, Congress expanded the
commemoration, appointing the month running from
Sept. 15 to Oct. 15 as "National Hispanic Month."
-
25Important Court Case
- 1974 In Lau v. Nichols, the Supreme Court rules
that, under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, school
districts are required to provide assistance to
LEP (limited-English-proficient) students that
ensure that they receive the same opportunities
as fluent English students
26Cesar Chavez
- Founder of United Farm Workers (UFW)
- Was a migrant worker from Arizona his family was
among the first to strike for equal rights and
pay in the fields - Organized Mexican field hands against powerful
grape and lettuce farmers
27Chavez and Grape Boycott
- Striking farm workers and supporters begin a
national boycott of California table grapes
in1967 - In 1968 Cesar Chavez fasts in Delano for 25 days.
- He is joined by Sen. Robert Kennedy at the end of
the fast. The UFW campaigns for Robert Kennedy in
the California primary - Resulted in a 1975 California law that required
collective bargaining for migrant workers
28Asian Americans
- Have faced discrimination since their arrival in
the U.S. - The prejudice reached a peak in the 1940s
(Internment camps) - Most were well-educated by 1960s, yet still
earned less and found less jobs available in
management - This began to change by 1970s
- The new state of Hawaii sent several
Asian-Americans to Congress changing stereotypes
29Immigration from Asia
- The most significant change in immigration from
Asia occurred when highly restrictive "national
origins" quotas were lifted in 1965. - The new country-specific quotas enabled
significant immigration from every country in
Asia, which led to dramatic and ongoing changes
in the Asian American population in the U.S.
30Native Americans
- By 1871, Native American tribes were not
recognized as independent powers - However Native Americans were not considered US
citizens, either! - After 1924, Native Americans who had been born in
the U.S. were granted citizenship - However, it wasnt until 1948 that all were given
the right to vote - Old stereotypes vanished slowly
31Native Americans and Discrimination
- Native Americans suffer from many of the same
social and economic problems as other victims of
long-term bias and discrimination - including,
for example, disproportionately high rates of
poverty, infant mortality, unemployment, and low
high school completion rates. - The struggle for equal employment and educational
opportunity is key to addressing these problems
32Discrimination Against Native Americans
- American Indians faced discrimination similar to
the segregation that as African Americans
experienced - In some states you could find three separate
drinking fountains labeled "whites," "Colored"
and "Indian." - There were also three sections in some movie
theaters.
33The American Indian Movement (AIM)
- The native civil rights movement began with the
founding of the American Indian Movement (AIM) in
1968. - AIM began as a rallying group for the rights of
Indians living in urban areas, and initiated a
series of protests and confrontations that
continued into the 1970s
34The American Indian Movement (AIM)
- Everything is tied to our homeland
- Indian land claims included
- Seneca Nation in New York
- Seminole Nation in Florida
- Fight for autonomy (self-government) on Indian
Reservations
35Violence in the Movement
- Members of AIM briefly took over the headquarters
of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington,
D.C. - They complained that the government had created
the tribal councils on reservations in 1934 as a
way of perpetuating paternalistic control over
Native American development.
36Issues of the Movement
- During the Summer of 1968, two hundred members of
the Indian community came together to discuss
various issues and critical developments within
the Native American community. Amongst them were
-- - Â Police Brutality
- Â Slum Housing
- Â 80 unemployment rate
- Disgraceful if not shameful practices of the
Minneapolis public school system and its lack of
concern regarding Indian education. - Racist and discriminatory policies of the
Hennepin County welfare system toward Native
American clients. - Questionable behavior of federal government in
its regard to Native policies
37The Occupation of Alcatraz in 1969
- Several Native American groups claimed the former
prison - The occupiers held the island for nearly eighteen
months, from Nov. 20, 1969, until June 11, 1971,
reclaiming it as Indian land and demanding
fairness and respect for Indian peoples. - The protest failed and federal officials removed
the protestors in 1970
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39The Confrontation at Wounded Knee
- In 1973, about 200 Sioux, led by members of AIM,
seized the tiny village of Wounded Knee, South
Dakota the site of the last great massacre of
Native Americans by the U.S. cavalry (1890). - Among AIMs demands was a review of more than 300
treaties between the Native Americans and the
federal government that AIM alleged were broken. - Wounded Knee was occupied for 70 days before the
militants surrendered. - Two AIM members were killed and a dozen people
were hurt including federal marshals - AIM leadership were jailed for the protest and
violence.
40Civil Rights Act of 1964
- All of the civil rights laws that protect people
from discrimination because of race or color or
national origin also protect American Indians
including the Civil Rights Act of 1964
41The Environmental Movement
- Roots of the Environmental Movement can be traced
back to the late 1800s, and to the New Deal - Early environmentalists included John Muir and
Teddy Roosevelt - Muir was instrumental in persuading TR to
preserve vast public lands as parks, forests, and
wildlife preserves
42- There can be nothing in the world more beautiful
than the Yosemite, the groves of giant sequoias
and redwoods, the Canyon of the Colorado, the
Canyon of the Yellowstone, the Three Tetons and
our people shoud see to it that they are
preserved for their children and their children's
children forever, with their majestic beauty all
unmarred." - Teddy Roosevelt, Outdoor Pastimes of an American
Hunter 1905.
43Best Sellers List
- Rachel Carson
- Author of Silent Spring
- Condemned the use of chemical
- pesticides such as DDT which
- threatened the food chain
- destroyed many
- birds and fish including the bald eagle
44Important Environmental Actions
- The creation of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(NRC) in 1974 - Chief goal to ensure that nuclear power faculties
were operated safely
45Earth Day
- Earth Day was created in April 1970
- Increased awareness and clean-up day
- Celebrated on April 22
- Wear green, walk to school, and plant some
flowers! - http//www.earthday.net/earthday2007.aspx
46Government Action
- Creation of the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) in 1970 - http//www.epa.gov/epahome/intro.html
- The first EPA undertakings set standards for
factory waste, car emissions, and the use of
pesticides and toxic substances - The Clean Air in 1970
- The Clean Water Act in 1972
- Problems between businesses and the new laws
continue today
47Consumer Safety ExpertRalph Nader
- Headed a consumer effort to
- protect Americans from
- unsafe products
- Published, Unsafe at Any
- Speed The Designed-in Dangers of the American
Automobile in 1964 - Later, headed efforts to make baby food,
insecticides, and the meatpacking industries
safer ran for president in 2000
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