A. The Barbarians

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A. The Barbarians

• The conversion of Europe, the Xianizing of the
  whole western world, may owe its accomplishment
  to what appeared at first as a disaster to both
  Xianity the empire the invasion of vast
  hordes of barbarians.
• 1. From Invasion To Conversion
• Already we have seen Alaric the Visigoths sack
  Rome in 410.
• While Augustine was dying in 430, the Vandals
  were besieging Hippo.
• Barbarian invasions were to last for 600 yrs.

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A. The Barbarians

• 1. From Invasion To Conversion
• Already we have seen Odoacer of the Ostrogoths
  dethrone the last of the western emperors in 476.
• In rapid succession of a number of barbaric
  kingdoms were set up
• Visigoths (415-711) in Spain southern Gaul
• Ostrogoths (493-554) in Italy
• Burgundians (443-543) in southeastern Gaul
• Vandals (429-533) in North Africa
• Franks under the Merovingians (486-752)

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A. The Barbarians

• 1. From Invasion To Conversion
• In rapid succession of a number of barbaric
  kingdoms were set up
• Lombards (586-774) in northern Italy
• Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes left Denmark n.
  Germany settled in south Britain (443-485)
• Slavic tribes also moved into the eastern empire.
• Culturally, the invaders were not savages
  neither were they nomads.
• They were agricultural people who sought new
  lands because of overcrowding.

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A. The Barbarians

• 1. From Invasion To Conversion
• In the arts they were not primitive.
• The Germanic people brought precise principles of
  law which later furnished the basis for the
  ecclesiastical practice of penance indulgences.
• Salvian (5th c. Xtian) claimed the barbarians
  were morally more chaste than the nobility of the
  empire, he especially commended Gaiseric, the
  Vandal, for closing the brothels of Carthage.

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A. The Barbarians

• 1. From Invasion To Conversion
• Religiously, the barbarians were of 2
  backgrounds.
• There were pagans but many barbarians already
  claimed to be Xtians of the Arian variety.
• Most of the Goths had come to embrace Arian
  Xtianity under Ulphilas, the apostle of the
  Goths, who had given them an alphabet
  translated the Bible into their tongue.
• All of the Teutonic tribes were eventually
  converted to Xtianity.

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A. The Barbarians

• 1. From Invasion To Conversion
• From the Visigoths Xtianity came to the
  Ostrogoths, the Vandals the Lombards.
• One of the most notable conversions of the period
  was that of Clovis, King of the Franks (Gaul).
• At the repeated insistence of his wife, Queen
  Clotilde, a Catholic Burgundian princess, C.
  finally embraced Xtianity, was baptized,
  compelled his entire army to be baptized.

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Baptism of Clovis Clovis I was king of the
Franks from 481 to 511. In 496 he con- verted to
Christianity, which gain- ed him the support of
the Roman Catholic Church for his conquests of
other tribes in western and Central Europe.
During his rule Clovis enlarged the Frankish
territory to include most of modern France and
Germany.
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A. The Barbarians

• 1. From Invasion To Conversion
• Using his new religion as a political weapon, C.
  overthrew the Arian king of the Visigoths, Alaric
  II, consolidated his dominions with the aid of
  Catholic bishops Roman officials.
• His codification of the Salic law his efforts
  to fuse the Romans the Teutons laid the
  foundations of the modern French nation.
• The e.g. of C. was repeated throughout all of
  Europe.
• Naturally there was little evidence of individual
  conversion in these mass conversions.

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A. The Barbarians

• 1. From Invasion To Conversion
• Thus the people brought their old beliefs mores
  into the ch.
• For Clovis, Jesus was a tribal war god the
  people saw X as the heavenly ruler rather than
  the suffering redeemer.
• The archangel Michael of the flaming sword became
  a spiritual champion his name was given to the
  citadel of Mont St. Michel.
• Chs monasteries were built in great numbers,
  but people rulers fell far short of NT
  standards.

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A. The Barbarians

• 1. From Invasion To Conversion
• After defeat by Clovis, the Arian Visigoths
  settled in Spain continued in Arianism until
  Recared, King of Spain was converted to orthodox
  Xtianity in 587.
• The Burgundians were the 1st barbarians to give
  up Arianism for orthodoxy they provided the
  pagan Clovis with his Xtian queen.
• The Arian Ostrogoths in Italy capitulated to
  orthodoxy after defeats at the hands of Justinian
  in 553.

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A. The Barbarians

• 1. From Invasion To Conversion
• The barbarian states were established because
  they had the military might to subdue the Roman
  Empire, but they did not have the education or
  experience to govern it.
• Everywhere they were a minority, with the
  majority being Roman Catholic.
• Besides the Anglo-Saxons in England, the only
  barbarian kingdoms which survived at the close of
  the 6th c. were the Franks in Gaul the
  Visigoths in Spain, they were both solidly
  Catholic.

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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• The barbarian invasion provided the setting for
  the ascendancy of one of Catholicisms most
  famous leadersGregory I (546-604).
• He was the 4th last of the traditional Latin
  Doctors of the Church (with Ambrose, Augustine
  Jerome).
• He was pope from 590 to his death (604) became
  father of the medieval papacy.
• Of the 180 bishops of Rome between Constantine
  the Reformation, none was more influential than
  Gregory.

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Dove (Holy Spirit) dictating to Gregory the
Homilies on Ezekiel.
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Homilies on Ezekiel
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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• The last of the Germanic tribes to enter the
  Roman Empire, the Arian Lombards, invaded Italy
  in 568 the ineffective imperial governor was
  unable to combat them.
• This actually had a positive effect on the
  position of the ch at Rome the R. bishop became
  the leader protector of the people.
• Gregory was the son of a Roman nobleman at 1st
  sought a career in civil administration.
• He entered monasticism in 574, selling his family
  estates, founding 7 monasteries, giving the
  rest to the poor.

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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• The pope made him an envoy to the court at
  Constantinople.
• He returned to R. in 585 to become abbot of his
  monastery.
• When the pope (Pelagius II) died (one of the 1st
  victims of the bubonic plague), the people of R.
  unanimously chose Gregory.
• He was the 1st pope to have been a monk from
  this time Benedictine monasticism was closely
  allied with the papacy these 2 institutions gave
  medieval Catholicism its distinctive character.

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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• a. Peace with the Lombards.
• G. found Italy in an alarming state, devastated
  by famine, pestilence Lombard invasion.
• According to legend, the bubonic plague was
  miraculously ended.
• G. set the civil affairs of R. in order,
  collected taxes, provided for welfare, repaired
  buildings streets raised trained an army to
  repel the Lombards.

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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• a. Peace with the Lombards.
• Although he was technically under the emperor, he
  acted independently, garrisoned his army, sent
  orders to generals in the field, negotiated
  with the Lombards.
• No bishop or pope before G. had dared to do half
  as much.
• He appointed governors over certain areas
  increased his papal authority until the papacy
  was the largest, wealthiest, most powerful
  institution in Italy.

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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• b. Conversion of Britain.
• As a monk, G. had been deeply moved by the sight
  of some attractive young children in the slave
  market.
• When he found they were Angli from England
  pagans, he determined to be a missionary to that
  land.
• After he became pope, he commissioned Augustine,
  prior of his monastery in R., to accomplish this
  mission for him.

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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• b. Conversion of Britain.
• Ethelbert, king of the Jutes in Kent, was one of
  As first most notable converts he 10,000
  subjects were baptized on Xmas Day, 597.
• Ethelbert was also overlord of the neighboring
  kingdoms of Essex and East Anglia so Catholic
  Xtianity came to 3 or 12 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• b. Conversion of Britain.
• G. appointed A. archbishop King E. gave the new
  archbishop his own palace in Canterbury, which
  became the 1st episcopal center in England.
• A. met opposition from the Celtic ch, which
  refused to adopt the Roman tradition of baptism
  or the Roman dating of Easter.
• Later, after As death, at the Synod of Whitby,
  664, England severed her connection with the old
  Iro-Celtic ch in favor of Rome.

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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• c. Gregorys Contributions.
• G. left an indelible imprint on ecclesiastical
  theological issues.
• As a theologian, he was not original, building
  mainly on the works of Augustine of Hippo.
• He did, however, initiate several enduring
  practices.
• He est. the mass as a repetition of the sacrifice
  of X that would benefit the living or the dead.

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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• c. Gregorys Contributions.
• He formulated the doctrine of purgatory, which
  played so large a part in the religion of the
  Middle Ages.
• He was interest in liturgy popularized the
  Gregorian chants.
• His contributions to the medieval papacy were
  even more noteworthy.
• He repudiated the Patriarch of Constantinople
  when he used the title Ecumenical Patriarch
  (universal bishop).

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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• c. Gregorys Contributions.
• G. called this a flagrant violation of the
  primacy of R., referred to himself as the
  Servant of the Servants of God.
• While Leo I is often recognized as the first
  pope, G. is the 1st to exercise universal
  authority openly declare himself to be pope.
• In deed as well as name, he was patriarch of the
  West.

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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• c. Gregorys Contributions.
• He ordered the African bishops to oppose the
  Donatists punished those who had fallen into
  Manichaeismsetting the precedent for the
  subsequent inquisitions.
• He brought Spain from Arianism into orthodoxy,
  directed the mission campaign in Britain took
  the Emperor Maurice to task over his restrictions
  on soldiers entering sacred orders.

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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• c. Gregorys Contributions.
• Anywhere everywhere he did whatever he deemed
  necessary to govern the entire ch.
• Gs period as pope, by its extension of the
  popes authority, marks the transition from the
  ancient world of imperial R. to medieval Xtendom
  united by the Roman Catholic Ch.
• The Medieval Period (Middle Ages) is so called
  because of its chronological position between
  ancient modern times.

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A. The Barbarians

• 2. Gregory The Great
• c. Gregorys Contributions.
• It forms the transition from Greco-Roman
  civilization to the Romano-Germanic civilization
  which was to control the future of the western
  world.
• Pope G. stood on the threshold between the old
  the new order of things.
• He was the last Church Father as well as the 1st
  medieval theologian.
• He was the last Roman bishop the 1st medieval
  pope.

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A. The Barbarians

• 3. Missions On The Continent.
• Xtians in the R. Empire immediately saw met the
  challenge of converting the barbarians who had
  come to them.
• But there were some with a wider vision who were
  awakened to the possibility of missions in the
  homelands of the invaders beyond.
• a. Willibrord in the Netherlands (658-739)
• Wilfrid began with a brief preaching tour in
  Frisia on a trip to Rome on his return to Eng.
  he called for missionaries for Frisia monks
  swarmed over north-western Europe.

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A. The Barbarians

• 3. Missions On The Continent.
• Xtians in the R. Empire immediately saw met the
  challenge of converting the barbarians who had
  come to them.
• But there were some with a wider vision who were
  awakened to the possibility of missions in the
  homelands of the invaders beyond.
• a. Willibrord in the Netherlands (658-739)
• Wilfrid began with a brief preaching tour in
  Frisia on a trip to Rome on his return to Eng.
  he called for missionaries for Frisia monks
  swarmed over north-western Europe.

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Willibrord
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Willibrord Stamp
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A. The Barbarians

• 3. Missions On The Continent.
• a. Willibrord in the Netherlands (658-739)
• The most successful was Willibrord of Saxon
  Northumbria, the Apostle to the Netherlands.
• W. went to Frisia in 690 was made archbishop of
  Frisia in 695.
• By his death he had established the archepiscopal
  see of Utrecht had converted most of the people
  of the southern part of the Low Countries.

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A. The Barbarians

• 3. Missions On The Continent.
• b. Boniface in Germany (680-754).
• Willibrords assistant for 3 yrs was Winifrid who
  became known as Boniface, doer of good, who
  became known as the Apostle of Germany.
• He was so successful that Pope Gregory II made
  him missionary bishop to Germany in 722.
• One of Bs major achievements was the
  consolidation of existing chs into one
  ecclesiastical body.

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A. The Barbarians

• 3. Missions On The Continent.
• b. Boniface in Germany (680-754).
• Extremely popular, he single-handedly demolished
  their superstitions, nature divinations ritual
  incantations.
• Before he was 60 he had converted practically the
  whole territory east of the Rhine north of the
  Danube.

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St. Boniface
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Martyrdom of St. Boniface (15th c. French painting
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A. The Barbarians

• 3. Missions On The Continent.
• c. Scandinavian Missions.
• Denmark Sweden were first evangelized by Anskar
  (801-865), the Apostle of the North.
• Norway was Christianized from Eng. thru the
  efforts of 2 Norwegian kings, Olaf Tlryggvason
  (995-1000) Olaf Haraldson (1015-30).
• The 1st Xtian king in Sweden was Olaf Lapking,
  baptized in 1007.
• From the Scandinavian countries Xtianity spread
  to Iceland, Finland, Greenland.

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A. The Barbarians

• 3. Missions On The Continent.
• d. Slavic Missions.
• The Apostles of the Slavs were 2 brothers from
  a Gk family in Thessalonica, Cyril Methodius.
• Emperor Michael III sent them as missionaries to
  what is now Moravia.
• Cyril invented an alphabet for the people called
  Glagolithic (also Cyrillic) became the founder
  of Slavonic literature.
• A Xtian princess brought Xtianity to Bohemia,
  from there it spread to Poland Hungary.

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B. The Moslems

• While Xtianity was making great gains among the
  barbarian tribes of western Europe, a new storm
  was swirling down upon the empire from the
  deserts of Arabia.
• Marching under the banner of a new theocracy
  called Islam, they posed the greatest external
  threat yet to both empire Xtendom.

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B. The Moslems

• 1. Mohammed The Prophet
• The religion of Islam was the product of the mind
  spirit of a single individual, Mohammed, its
  prophet (570-632).
• Orphaned at 6, M. was reared by an uncle in the
  Quraysh tribe, which had control of the Kaaba,
  the national religious shrine of the Arabs.
• The Kaaba contained the sacred Black Stone the
  well reputedly kicked up by the infant Ishmael
  when Hagar left him to search for water (Gen.
  218-21).

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The Kaaba
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B. The Moslems

• 1. Mohammed The Prophet
• M. became disillusioned by the idolatrous worship
  degenerate behavior he observed in connection
  with Arabian religion, when he began making
  caravan trips to Syria Palestine, his religious
  feelings increased.
• He became the business manager of a rich widow,
  Khadijah, whom he married.
• His 2 sons by Khadijah died in childhood, only
  1 of 4 daughgters, Fatima, survived.

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B. The Moslems

• 1. Mohammed The Prophet
• His wealth enabled him to have wider religious
  contacts more leisure time for long periods of
  reflection on religion.
• One night in the hills near Mecca, in a cave on
  Mt. Hira, he said that he had a vision of the
  angel Gabriel telling him to recite.
• He went home produced the entire 96th sura of
  the Koran.
• In a 2nd appearance, Gabriel commissioned him a
  prophet of the Lord, subsequent revelations
  that make up the Koran came frequently.

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B. The Moslems

• 1. Mohammed The Prophet
• M. began proclaiming the Day of the Lord in the
  marketplace.
• The day was to be one of resurrection, final
  judgment, everlasting fire.
• Though people were impressed with his poetic
  oratory, after 4 yrs he had only 40 converts.
• Because of his attacks on the Kaaba, the Quraysh
  disturbed his meetings with violence, he feared
  for his life.

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B. The Moslems

• 1. Mohammed The Prophet
• 300 mi to the north, 6 men left the Medina to
  seek out Mohammed as the leader who might bring
  the tribes of Medina Mecca together.
• They arrived in Mecca just in time to help him
  escape assassination.
• Thus, in 622, M. his followers made their great
  Hegira flight to Medina, marking the beginning of
  the Islamic calendar.
• In Medina he became the undisputed leaders of a
  religious theocracy, defended the city against
  Meccan attacks boldly attacked captured Mecca
  itself.

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Mecca
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B. The Moslems

• 1. Mohammed The Prophet
• Within 8 yrs M. had become the strongest
  chieftain in all Arabia.
• He stripped the Kaaba of its idols images, but
  continued to pay tribute to the Black Stone.
• By 632 M. was dead at 62, but he had instituted a
  new religion that would unify the Arabian people
  into one brotherhood.

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B. The Moslems

• 1. Mohammed The Prophet
• The strict monotheistic faith of Islam made rigid
  moral spiritual demands on the people which
  they eagerly accepted, for M. had convinced them
  that they were divinely appointed to bring all
  peoples into submission to the will of God.

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Medina
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B. The Moslems

• 2. The Religion of Islam
• Islam implies submission to the will of God,
  means the submitters.
• It must be understood in order to evaluate the
  historical developments of wars, conquests,
  expansion.
• The fanatical followers of M. have always been on
  a holy crusade to capture convert the world for
  the God (Allah).
• Islam is built around 5 basic doctrines

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B. The Moslems

• 2. The Religion of Islam
• 1) There is no God but Allah, M. is his
  prophet.
• 2) Gods work is carried on among men by angels,
  the mediating spirits of God.
• 3) The will of Allah is written down in the
  Koran, which contains all a Moslem needs to know
  to obtain salvation.
• 4) The great figures of Judaism Xtianity are
  revered by Islam, but its own prophet M.
  surpasses them all.

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B. The Moslems

• 2. The Religion of Islam
• There are 6 great prophets Adam, Noah, Abraham,
  Moses, Jesus Mohammed, the greatest of them
  all.
• 5) There will be a resurrection day a final
  judgment for every individual the followers of
  M. will cross into the Gardens of Paradise,
  infidels (non-Moslems) sinful Moslems will fall
  into the abyss of hell.
• There are 4 religious practices to which every
  Moslem is bound

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B. The Moslems

• 2. The Religion of Islam
• There are 4 religious practices to which every
  Moslem is bound
• 1) prayer, 5 times a day, facing Mecca in the
  bodily position described in the Koran
• 2) almsgiving, including both the Jewish tithe
  additional charity
• 3) fasting from all gratifications of the senses
  during the entire month of Ramadan
• 4) pilgrimage to Mecca during ones lifetime,
  either personally or by proxy.

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B. The Moslems

• 3. The Moslem Conquests
• Believing that they were divinely commissioned to
  subdue all people to Gods will, Moslems did not
  hesitate to organize, train give military
  expression to their missionary call.
• In developing Arabian unity around Islam, M. used
  violent as well as nonviolent means with his own
  people.
• Then he personally led them in their first
  military conquests of Xtianity in 629.

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B. The Moslems

• 3. The Moslem Conquests
• It was not, however, until after his death that
  Islam spread like a devouring fire over the East.
• Armed with the belief that death in combat on
  behalf of Allah would ensure entrance into
  paradise, the terrifying Moslems swept down on
  Damascus in 635, conquering it almost instantly.
• Jerusalem held out longer, but fell under a
  bloody siege in 637.

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B. The Moslems

• 3. The Moslem Conquests
• 638 saw the fall of Antioch, Tripoli, Tyre,
  Caesarea 15 other cities on the Mediterranean
  coast.
• By the end of 639 nothing of the eastern empire
  was left in Syria.
• Mesopotamia surrendered, by 641 all of Egypt had
  been conquered, the advance across N. Africa
  had begun.
• Iraq fell in 637, by 649 had subdued all of
  Persia by 652 (only 12 yrs) Moslems controlled
  most of Asia Minor.

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B. The Moslems

• 3. The Moslem Conquests
• Attempting to capture Constantinople, they were
  turned back by the awesome Taurus Mountains.
• Determined to take C. they organized a navy
  took Cyprus (648), Aradus (649) Cos Rhodes
  (654).
• They defeated Emperor Constans II in a naval
  battle at Phoenix (655), but the Moslems were
  spread too thin.
• For 5 yrs (673-678) they tried to take C. by land
  sea, but were repeatedly driven back.

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B. The Moslems

• 3. The Moslem Conquests
• A peace of sorts was affected in 679, but
  hostilities resumed in 695.
• In 732 Charles Martel, ruler of the Franks,
  turned the tide in the West by his decisive
  victory over the Saracens (a word used by
  medieval writers of Arabs generally later
  applied to the M. nations against whom the
  crusaders fought.
• The Battle of Tours (732) was the decisive event.

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B. The Moslems

• 3. The Moslem Conquests
• If the invading Arabs had not been turned back at
  Tours, they might well have engulfed all of
  Europe.
• Though they had finally been stopped, the Moslems
  in 45 yrs (633-678) had torn from the eastern
  empire some of its richest most populous
  provinces, had left it only a shadow of its
  former self.
• The occupation of the Holy Land by the Moslems
  was especially offensive to Xtians throughout the
  world.

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B. The Moslems

• 3. The Moslem Conquests
• Centuries later, the Crusades of the 11th, 12th
  13th c. were undertaken to recover the Holy Land
  from the clutches of Islam.

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B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• Xtianity had been depleted like the empire.
• The gains of Xtianity in the West had been
  counterbalanced by excessive losses in the East.
• a. The Consolidation of the Church.
• 3 of the patriarchs were now in Moslem territory.
• Rome was gaining political autonomy, C. was
  enjoying imperial patronage, but Alexandria,
  Antioch, Jerusalem had been humiliated.

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B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• The patriarchs of Alexandria Antioch lived
  abroad in exile, but Sophronius stubbornly
  remained in Jerusalem.
• Multitudes of Xtians found it more expedient to
  exchange Xtianity for Islam, within a
  generation, the majority of the population of N.
  Africa, Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, even
  Palestine became Moslem.
• The Xtianity that survived was greatly modified,
  faithful Xtians found themselves cut off from
  the rest of Xtendom for centuries.

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B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• These events were beneficial for the
  consolidation of the ch.
• The patriarch of C, which had been one among 4
  equals, became the head of eastern Catholicism.
• The 424 dioceses throughout the Balkan peninsula
  Asia Minor came under the direct rule of the
  see of C.
• The loyalty and integrity of the clergy were
  strengthened with new stringent requirements.

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B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• Society in general appeared to be intensely
  religious during this period.
• Attendance at ch was large regular.
• Worship developed into an exquisitely beautiful
  art, with sacramental worship, rather than
  preaching, becoming central.
• Baptism was universally officially conferred
  upon infants.
• Penance was not obligatory, but was encouraged.

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B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• Marriage was regulated controlled by the ch
• Fasting before communion was required.
• Theological writings were few inconsequential
  there seemed to be an abnormal desire to spurn
  the spiritual intellectual, to fix religion
  in concrete terms.
• This was especially expressed in the compulsion
  of people everywhere to see, handle kiss relics
  icons.
• This widespread practice precipitated one of the
  greatest controversies in the eastern ch with
  effects in modern times.

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B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• Icons, technically speaking, are flat pictures,
  usually painted in oil on wood, but also made in
  mosaic, ivory, other materials, used to
  represent X, the Virgin Mary, or some saint.
• Iconoclasm, used in our vocabulary as a synonym
  for destruction, means the shattering of
  something established to make room for something
  new different.
• In ch. hist. it refers to the effort to abolish
  images, pictures, or any material likenesses of
  any sacred personage or event.

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B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• The iconoclast thus were the destroyers of icons
  or sacred images.
• The iconoclasts called the people who worshiped
  or venerated images the iconolaters.
• 1) Leo the Iconoclast.
• In 726, Emperor Leo III published an edict
  declaring all images idols ordering their
  destruction, thus becoming known as Leo the
  Iconoclast.

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IconThe Nativity of the Theotokos
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Icon of the Archangel Michael
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B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• 1) Leo the Iconoclast.
• Leo believed that the use of icons was a chief
  obstacle to the conversion of Jews Moslems.
• The Jews were offended by icons because of the
  2nd com which forbids the making of graven
  images.
• As a soldier on the eastern frontier of the
  empire, Leo had been impressed with the Moslem
  rejection of idolatry in any form.

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B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• 1) Leo the Iconoclast.
• When he became emperor, L. accepted iconoclasm as
  a divine mission he was ordained of God to
  perform set about to eliminate image worship
  from his empire.
• The b. of R. condemned Leo for his iconoclastic
  decree, in retaliation the emperor
  reapportioned Sicily, southern Italy, the
  entire western part of the Balkans Greece from
  R. to the patriarchate of Constantinople.

77
B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• 1) Leo the Iconoclast.
• Disturbances erupted throughout the empire, a
  systematic persecution was loosed against the
  more ardent defenders of the icons.
• John of Damascus wrote apologies against the
  iconoclasts, Pope Gregory III held two synods
  at Rome condemning Leos supporters.

78
B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• 1) Leo the Iconoclast.
• In 741, was L. was succeeded by his son
  Constantine V who continued his fathers
  policies.
• In 753, he called the Synod of Hieria the synod
  held that by representing only the humanity of X,
  the icon worshipers either divided his unity as
  the Nestorians or confounded the two natures as
  the Monophysites.

79
B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• 1) Leo the Iconoclast.
• The synod also declared that the icons of the
  Virgin Mary the saints were idols decreed the
  destruction of all of them.
• 2) John of Damascus (675-749).
• The iconoclastic disputes produced the greatest
  medieval theologian of the eastern ch who was
  also the ablest defender of images in the early
  days of the controversy.

80
B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• 2) John of Damascus (675-749).
• J. appealed to the images mentioned in the Bible,
  the brazen serpent in the wilderness, the lions
  in Solomons temple, but his primary argument was
  from the incarnation the Eucharist.
• If God himself became flesh, then physical things
  cannot be evil, if X is bodily present in the
  bread wine, then sensory aids to religion are
  not wrong.

81
John of Damascus
82
B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• 2) John of Damascus (675-749).
• He also argued from Platos notion that
  everything in this world is really an imitation
  of the eternal, original form.
• Js work greatly influenced the 787 council at
  Nicaea where images were sanctioned again.
• Under Constantines son, Leo IV (775-80), the
  persecution subsided.

83
B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• 2) John of Damascus (675-749).
• After his death, the Empress Irene, acting as
  regent reversed the policy of her predecessors.
• She called the 7th General Council at Nicaea in
  787 which undid the work of the Synod of Hieria,
  set limits to icon veneration, decreed their
  restoration throughout the country.
• Iconoclasm, however, retained a strong following,
  especially in the army.

84
B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• In 814, the Second Iconoclastic Controversy
  took place under Leo V the Armenian, a general
  elected emperor by the army.
• Again icons were removed from chs public
  buildings, defenders of icons were exiled,
  imprisoned, martyred.
• Leo was assassinated in 820 his son grandson
  followed his policies, but on the death of the
  grandson, Theophilus, the tide turned once more.

85
B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• Theodora, widow of Theophilus, acting as regent,
  had the monk Mehtodius elected patriarch in 843.
• On the first Sunday of Lent a great feast was
  celebrated in honor of the icons, a feast which
  has been solemnly kept ever since in the eastern
  ch as the Feast of Orthodoxy.
• The long controversy was over.
• The icons had persevered won.

86
B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• The iconoclastic controversy in the East had very
  little theological repercussions in the West, but
  it did have a profound practical effect.
• This particular controversy is usually considered
  the last step toward the great schism between
  East West, before the actual breach.

87
B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• The iconoclastic issue was a showcase example of
  Caesaropapism, the system whereby an absolute
  monarch has supreme control over the ch within
  his dominions exercises it even in doctrinal
  matters normally reserved to ecclesiastical
  authority.
• The popes in R. viewed the flagrant Caesaropapism
  in the East during the icon dispute with growing
  apprehension.

88
B. The Moslems

• 4. Effect On Christianity
• b. The Iconoclastic Controversy.
• The unity achieved by imperial decree at Nicaea
  in 787 again in 843 proved to be temporary.
• With the development of the temporal power of the
  papacy, the way was prepared for the final
  separation between the independent ch of the West
  the ch of the Byzantine Empire.

89
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• In the 700s the Lombards were again threatening
  to overthrow Rome.
• But if R. were to maintain any semblance of
  independence from Constantinople, it would have
  to look for protection from some other source
  than the emperor.
• 1. The Donation of Pepin
• In 739 Gregory III appealed to Charles Martel for
  aid against the Lombards, but in vain.

90
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 1. The Donation of Pepin
• When Charles Martel died, his son Pepin the Short
  became virtual ruler of the Franks.
• He quickly saw that he the papacy could be of
  mutual assistance to each other.
• He desired the kingly title as well as the kingly
  power in France so he sought the moral sanction
  of the ch for a revolution against the last of
  the Merovingians.
• He received this approval from Pope Zacharias.

91
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 1. The Donation of Pepin
• In 751 P. was formally made king of France,
  crowned by no less than Boniface, the great
  missionary to Germany.
• In exchange for papal assistance, P. had agreed
  to drive the Lombards from Italy, which he did in
  755 756.
• P. has been eclipsed by his son Charlemagne, but
  he must be remembered for establishing two
  critically important precedents.

92
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 1. The Donation of Pepin
• The 1st was the acquiring of the throne by the
  sanction of the pope.
• Charlemagnes coronation is much more famous, but
  Ps was actually the 1st demonstration of the
  papacys power in setting up governments, which
  led to the reestablishment of the empire in the
  West.
• The 2nd precedent was the granting of territory
  positions to the pope.

93
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 1. The Donation of Pepin
• After defeating the Lombards, P. created the
  papal states, consisting of 22 cities their
  environs, stretching across Italy from Rome to
  Ravenna.
• In this action known as the Donation of Pepin
  (756), he gave outright to the R. ch its
  bishops all the cities won by him from the
  Lombards.
• This act was justified by the precedent of a
  fabled document called The Donation of
  Constantine.

94
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 1. The Donation of Pepin
• In this document Constantine the Great was
  supposed to have donated grants of land to Pope
  Sylvester for curing him of leprosy.
• In this spurious account, C. gave Sylvester all
  succeeding popes all the cities of Italy the
  western regions.
• So Pepin appeared to be merely returning lands to
  their rightful overlord.

95
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96
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 1. The Donation of Pepin
• The Donation of Constantine was generally
  accepted as authentic throughout the Middle Ages,
  until its forgery was exposed by Nicholas of Cusa
  in 1433 Lorenzo Valla in 1440.
• The imp result of the Donation of Pepin was the
  establishment of an entirely new commonwealth on
  the map of Europe, a commonwealth which was to
  continue in existence from 756 until the
  unification of Italy in 1870.

97
Lorenzo Valla on Donation of Con.
98
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 1. The Donation of Pepin
• P. had laid the foundation of the ch-states
  constituted himself his successors as
  protectors of the Holy See.
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• P. died in 768 his kingdom was divided between
  sons, Charles Carloman when Carloman died in
  771, C. became sole ruler began the legendary
  reign that fused his name with greatnessCharlemag
  ne (Charles the Great).

99
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• C. soon began his conquestsLombardy, Saxony,
  Bavaria, northern Spain, Austria, etc.
• Everywhere that C. marched conquered, he took
  the message organization of Roman Xtinaity.
• His military conquests accompanying missionary
  efforts were especially appreciated by R.

100
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101
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102
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• He ratified the donation of his father, made a
  sacred compact with the pope, extended the
  territories of the states of the ch, promised
  his protection always.
• In response to Pope Leo IIIs enemies, C.
  declared that the Apostolic See has the right to
  judge everyone but can itself be judged by no
  one.

103
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• 2 days later, on Xmas Day, 800, while C. was
  kneeling at the altar in St. Peters, Pope Leo
  III, evidently with no warning to C., placed an
  imperial crown on his head.
• The assembled nobility churchmen cried aloud
  To Charles Augustus, crowned by God, great and
  peaceful emperor of the Romans, long life and
  victory.
• It signaled to Constantinople that C. was more
  than the king of France, he was supreme ruler of
  the western world.

104
Coronation of Charlemagne
105
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• It also signaled to Con. that the center of the
  empire had returned to Rome.
• For the church, it announced that the new emperor
  was dependent for his authority upon the pope who
  had voluntarily conferred it upon him.
• a. The State of Religion
• C. was devout, concerned involved in affairs of
  the ch.

106
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• a. The State of Religion
• Every morning he went to mass every evening to
  vespers.
• He took an active part in the life of the ch,
  summoning councils interfering with their
  decisions.
• The ch was virtually a department of state, but
  C. never ascribed to himself any religious
  designation.

107
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• a. The State of Religion
• Instead, he preferred the role of David, who with
  his sword defended the Ark of the Lord.
• There was outward reformation inward revival of
  monasticism under Cs pursuit of genuine
  spiritual Xtianity.
• New ch bldgs were erected, a new architecture
  emerged which proved to be the forerunner of the
  later Gothic style.

108
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• a. The State of Religion
• Because of Cs personal preference, the Gregorian
  chant experienced a real revival.
• Baptism by immersion was replaced by pouring, and
  the baptistry gave way to the font.
• The one abiding contribution which the West made
  to theology during this period was the addition
  of the filioque to the Nicene-Constantinople
  creed.

109
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• a. The State of Religion
• Filioque means from the Son, was added to the
  creed as an affirmation that the HS proceeds
  equally from the Father the Son.
• Although generally adopted in the West, the East
  refused the addition, preferring to say the HS
  proceeds from the Father by the Son.

110
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• b. The Carolingian Renaissance
• C inaugurated a revitalizing of culture and
  learning by inviting to his court the most
  renowned scholars of his time to from the nucleus
  of a palace school where administrators for the
  state ch could be trained.
• The Anglo-Saxon Alcuin (735-804) was head of the
  cathedral school at York when called to Cs court.

111
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112
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• b. The Carolingian Renaissance
• As royal tutor he established a palace library
  he also, as Abbot of Tours, set up an important
  school library at the monastery.
• A. was the principal intellect architect of the
  Carolingian Renaissance.
• He revived the ancient disciplines of grammar,
  rhetoric dialectic.

113
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114
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• b. The Carolingian Renaissance
• Classical Xtian culture was revived A. dreamed
  of a new Athens enriched by the sevenfold
  fullness of the Holy Spirit.
• A. informed C. that he was not to use his sword,
  the political power of the state, to impose
  religion.
• He was the 1st to use the figure of the 2 swords
  with reference to the roles of ch state.

115
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• b. The Carolingian Renaissance
• Thru A. ( others scholars) C. promoted the
  revival of classical Xtian culture, people were
  taught to read write appreciate books.
• Perhaps more than any other sovereign in history,
  Charlemagne was head over all things in his day.
• He was a warrior of great gifts, a patron of
  learning, the kindly master of the ch, the
  preserver of order.

116
The East-West Schism

• A. The Holy Roman Empire
• 2. The Reign of Charlemagne
• b. The Carolingian Renaissance
• When he died, he ruled all of modern France,
  Belgium, Holland, nearly half of modern Germany
  Austria-Hungary, more than half of Italy,
  northeastern Spain.
• He expanded his kingdom as conqueror, but
  stabilized it as benefactor educator.