Goal 4 con

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Goal 4 cont and Goal 5

• Also this includes some information about the
  scientific method

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Scientific Method - review

• Hypothesis
• Data
• Variable (dependent and independent)
• Conclusion
• Control
• Theory
• Law
• Inferences vs. Observations

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4.05 Animal Behavior

• Innate Behavior
• Learned Behavior
• Social Behavior

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Innate Behavior

• Taxis animal moves toward or away from a
  stimulus
• Ex. Insect moving toward or away from light

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Innate Behavior

• Positive Light Taxis

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Innate Behavior

• Instinct
• Behavior an animal is born with
• Ex suckling

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Innate Behavior

• Migration
• Purpose????
• Food (major)
• Temperature (minor)

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Innate Behavior

• Estivation dormancy during periods of extreme
  heat or drought
• Purpose???
• conserve resources during extreme conditions
• Common in frogs

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Innate Behavior

• Hibernation dormant (sleep-like state) in
  winter
• Purpose????? Survive winters when there
  is little available food.

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Learned Behavior

• Habituation - an animal becomes accustomed to a
  stimulus through prolonged and regular exposure
• Ex You live next to the train track and you
  dont even hear the train any more.

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Learned Behavior - Imprinting

• Learning based on early experience
• Once occurred, cannot be changed
• Keeps young animals close to mother who protects
  and feeds them

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Learned Behavior

• Classical Conditioning teaching a response to
  a new stimulus
• Ex Pavlovs Dogs

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Learned Behavior

• Trial and Error learning through positive
  (food, praise) and negative (punishment)
  reinforcement

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Social Behavior

• Communication in social insects using pheromones.

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Social Behavior

• Courtship Dances

Albatross
Japanese Cranes
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Purpose of Mating Rituals?

• Enables animals to identify healthy,
  reproductively fit mates of the same species
• Courtship rituals are species specific

Ruffed Grouse
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Social Behavior

• Territorial Defense
• Conserves resources
• Protects organisms from getting hurt by fighting

Fighting Fish
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Bighorn Sheep
Mocking bird mobbing an American Kestrel
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Goal 5 Ecology
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5.01 Interrelationships

• Symbiosis relationship between two organisms
• mutualism
• commensalism
• parasitism

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Mutualism

• Both organisms benefit.
• Ex E. coli in your intestines
• Acacia tree and ants
• Ants and aphids

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Commensalism

• One organism benefits, the other is neither
  helped nor harmed.
• Ex orchids on a tree
• Barnacles on a whale
• Mites on our eyelashes

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Parasitism

• One organism is harmed (the host) and the other
  one benefits.
• Tapeworm, athletes foot, fleas, ticks
• Does a parasite want to kill its host?

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Predator/Prey Relationships
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Field Ecology Techniques

• Different techniques are used to determine
  species diversity in a given area and over time.

Fencing to exclude rabbits to measure seedling
recruitment after fire
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Field Ecology Techniques

• Diver using a quadrant to measure organisms on
  the sea floor.

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Biotic and Abiotic Factors

• Biotic Factors Living or once living components
  of an ecosystem. (plants and animals)
• Abiotic Factors- Nonliving things which influence
  an ecosystem(water, rocks, soil, sunlight, air,
  salt, wind)

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Carrying Capacity

• The number of organisms an ecosystem can support
  in a healthy manner.
• Limiting factor Something in the environment
  that limits the growth of an organism. Ex
  light might be a limiting factor in the growth of
  a plant

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• Limiting factors influence carrying capacity.
• Ex food availability
• competition
• harsh winter

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Population Growth Graph
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5.02 Energy Flow and Cycling
Carbon Cycle
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Food Chains

• Linear representation
• of the flow of energy
• through an ecocsystem.

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Food Webs

• Many food chains
• Interconnected. Each
• organism has a
• trophic level.
• Ex producer, 1st
• order consumer, 2nd
• order consumer, etc.

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Energy Pyramid

• Geometric representation of a food pyramid.
• Purpose of the
• pyramid shape?

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Pyramid of Energy

• 10 Rule? only 10 of the energy from one
  trophic level moves up to the next trophic level.
• Where does the energy go?
• Heat, activity, energy still in urine and feces

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Energy Pyramid

• Suppose the trees are providing 10,000 calories
  to the giraffes. How much energy will be passed
  up to the lions?

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5.03 Human Population
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Human Population

• What is exponential growth?
• What factors have influenced human birth rates
  and death rates over time?

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Human Population

• What effect is population size having on the food
  supply?
• On the water supply?
• On our natural resources?

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Carrying Capacity of Earth

• What effect is our
• increasing demand for
• wood and food doing
• to the ecosystem?
• Have we reached our
• carrying capacity? Exceeded it?

Clear cut forest in Malaysia
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Acid Rain
Acid rain destruction - Central Europe
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Habitat Destruction
Loss of Habitat Loss of species, degradation
of the environment.
Clear cutting in Oregon
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Non-native Species

• Also called exotic species.
• Fire ants came to the U.S. on a container ship
  in Mobile, Alabama in the 1980s.

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Non-Native Species

• Kudzu brought to the U.S. to control erosion.
• The only animal that
• will eat it, is the goat.
• Why are exotics a
• problem?

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Climate Change
Greenhouse Effect, also called Global Warming
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Climate Change

• Causes?
• Human burning fossil fuels and wood, putting CO2
  and methane into the atmosphere
• Natural volcanoes

• Effects?
• Polar ice caps melting
• Sea level rising
• More frequent and violent storms
• Tropical diseases moving into temperate areas
• Loss of habitat (ex coral reefs)

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Deforestation

• Clear cutting for wood, agricultural uses,
  building roads, housing developments, mining
• Result loss of habitats, loss of species,
  erosion, siltation of rivers, loss of buffer zones

Siltation of The Kouiloo River, Congo
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Bioaccumulation

• The accumulation of a harmful substance as it
  moves through the food chain.
• Ex DDT (pesticide) and heavy metals (lead and
  mercury)

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Stewardship

• To take care of the earth in a healthy way.

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Sustainable Development

• Is a way of using natural resources without
  depleting them and of providing for human needs
  without causing long-term environmental harm.

California Vineyard reducing pesticide use.
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Sustainable Development

• Offshore aquaculture to reduce the pressure on
  wild fish populations.

• Provide energy without producing pollution.