Goal 4: Unity and Diversity of Life

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Goal 4 Unity and Diversity of Life
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4.01 Classification

• History
• Two Kingdoms Plants and Animals
• Three Kingdoms Plants, Animals and Protists
• Five Kingdoms Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi
  and Monera
• Why do the kingdoms keep changing?

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Taxons of Classification

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

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Binomial Nomenclature

• Two name system of classification.
• Examples
• Homo sapien
• Canis familiaris
• Felis domesticus
• Quercus alba

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Basis of Classification

• Evolutionary phylogeny
• DNA/biochemical analysis
• Embryology
• Morphology

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Phylogenetic Trees

• Used to show relationships between organisms.
• Who evolved first.
• Which organisms are either very closely related
  or distantly related.

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Phylogenetic Trees cont

• Which phylum is the most closely related to the
  Chordata?
• Which phylum
• evolved first?
• Between Arthropoda,
• Annelida and
• Mollusca? Who
• evolved first?

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Biochemical Analysis

• Biochemical or DNA similarities help to
  demonstrate relatedness between organisms.
• (cytochrome C is a protein found in the
  mitochondria)

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Embryology

• Similarities during embryological development can
  demonstrate how two organisms are related.

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Morphology

• Similarities in the structure of these frog
  skulls ( 6 different species) show how closely
  they are related.

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Cell Types

• Prokaryotes
• No nucleus (no nuclear membrane)
• Ribosomes
• No membrane bound organelles
• Small primitive
• Circular DNA (one chromosome)

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Cell Types cont

• Eukaryotic
• Nucleus (nuclear membrane)
• Membrane bound organelles, have ribosomes
• Large complex

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Overview of the Eukaryotic Kingdoms

• Kingdom Protista

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Kingdom Protista

• Unicellular and multicellular
• Heterotrophic and autotrophic
• Sexual and asexual reproduction
• Close association with water
• Often referred to as the dumping ground
• Ex algae, protozoans, fungus-like protists

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Kingdom Fungi
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Kingdom Fungi

• Unicellular (yeast) though most are multicellular
• Heterotrophic
• Reproduce asexually (spores) and sexually
• Cell walls made of chitin (polysaccharide)

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Kingdom Plantae
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Kingdom Plantae

• Autotrophic (carries out photosynthesis
• True roots, stems, leaves
• Multicellular
• Sessile
• - Chloroplasts and cell walls

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Kingdom Animalia
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Kingdom Animalia

• Heterotophs
• Able to move at some point in their life
• Multicellular

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4.02 Analyze essential life functions of specific
representatives

• Transport How organisms move food and wastes
  throughout their bodies.
• Excretion How organisms get rid of their waste
  and balance their fluids.
• Regulation How organisms control body processes
  i.e. hormones and nervous system
• Respiration How organisms exchange gases (O2
  and CO2) with the environment

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Cont

• Nutrition How organisms break down and absorb
  foods.
• Synthesis How organisms build necessary
  molecules.
• Reproduction Continuation of the species thru
  sexual or asexual reproduction.
• Growth and Development

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Unicellular Protists

• Examples Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena
• Transport, Excretion and Respiration osmosis,
  diffusion, active transport
• Nutrition food vacuoles
• Reproduction mostly asexual, binary fission

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Annelid Worms
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Annelid Worms

• Transport five hearts, dorsal and ventral blood
  vessel, closed system
• Excretion nephridia, kidney-like structures
  found on every segment
• Regulation dorsal brain, ventral nerve cord
• Respiration breath through their skin

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Worms cont

• Nutrition crop (storage), gizzard (grinds),
  intestine (chemical digestion)
• Reproduction worms are hermaphroditic, exchange
  sperm and lay eggs
• Development from eggs

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Insects
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Insects

• Transport open circulatory system
• Excretion Malpighian tubules
• Regulation hormones, nervous system, pheromones
• Respiration tubes called tracheae
• Nutrition insects have a wide variety of mouth
  parts to eat a variety of foods

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Insects cont

• Reproduction/Development metamorphosis
• Incomplete egg ? young ? adult
• Complete egg ? larva ? pupa ? adult

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Amphibians
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Amphibians

• Transport closed circulatory system
• Excretion kidneys/urinary bladder
• Regulation hormones (control metamorphosis),
  nervous system
• Respiration gills, lungs, skin
• Nutrition larva (herbivores), adults
  (carnivores)

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Amphibians cont

• Reproduction sexual, external fertilization and
  development
• Development metamorphosis
• Egg ? larva ?
• adult

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Mammalia
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Mammalia

• Transport closed circulatory system
• Excretion kidneys
• Regulation hormones, well developed nervous
  system (developed senses)
• Respiration lungs
• Nutrition digestive tracts vary according to
  what the animal eats

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Mammalia cont

• Reproduction sexual with internal fertilization
• Development
• External ? duck billed platypus and spiny
  anteater lay eggs
• Internal ?Marsupials partial placental
• Most mammals have a well developed placenta
  (uterus)

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Internal Development
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Non vascular plants
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Non Vascular Plants

• Mosses and liverworts
• Transport no xylem and phloem, must use osmosis
  and diffusion
• Respiration gas exchange through diffusion
• Synthesis carry out photosynthesis and make
  sugars and other macromolecules

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Non Vascular Plants

• Reproduction fertilization requires water for
  sperm to swim to egg
• Development moss cycle between a sexual phase
  with egg and sperm and an asexual phase that
  makes spores

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Gymnosperms
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Gymnosperms

• Means naked seed, includes the conifers
• Transport xylem and phloem
• Respiration CO2, H2O and O2 move in and out of
  leaf through stomata
• Synthesis photosynthesis
• Reproduction sperm is now inside a pollen grain

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Gymnosperms

• Pollination sperm moves from male cones to
  female cones via wind
• Fertilization sperm and egg unite on the female
  cone and produce seeds

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Angiosperms
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Angiosperms

• Flowering plants
• Transport xylem and phloem
• Regulation plant hormones like auxin, cause
  stems to bend
• Respiration stomata
• Synthesis photosynthesis
• Reproduction pollination and fertilization

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Angiosperms

• Pollination occurs through wind and pollinators
  like bees, hummingbirds and bats
• Seeds develop in an ovary that aids seed
  dispersal.
• Ovary can become a fruit or some other structure
  that aids dispersal

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Stomata
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4.03 Adaptations affecting survival and
reproductive success

• Form
• And
• Function

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Feeding Adaptations

• Mosquitoes mouth is adapted to suck blood

• Snakes jaws unhinge to take in whole prey

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Reproductive Adaptations

• Male birds using elaborate mating displays or
  rituals to attract females.

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Reproductive Adaptations

• Male frogs have thumb pads to hold onto female
  when mating. Ensures egg and sperm will meet.

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Adaptations to Life on LandPlants

• Vascular Tissue xylem and phloem transport
  materials and support
• Cuticle waxy covering to prevent dehydration
• Pollen allows fertilization without water

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Adaptations to Life on LandAnimals

1. Gills become lungs
2. Moist skin becomes thick with scales or other
   coverings prevent dehydration
3. Internal fertilization
4. Amniote egg
5. Legs move under the animal to allow easier
   movement

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Pathogens

• Disease causing organisms

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Virus

• Protein coat (capsid) surrounds core of nucleic
  acid (DNA or RNA)
• Needs a host cell to reproduce (invades)
• Specific for a particular host
• Able to mutate
• HIV, Flu, smallpox

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Bacteria

• Prokaryote
• Able to mutate (resistance to antibiotics)
• Streptococcus
• Salmonella
• Botulism
• MRSA (staph)

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Co-evolution

• When two species evolve together
• Mantis mimics orchid

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Co-evolution

• Fly orchid looks and smells similar to female
  wasp. Male mates with it and transfers pollen
  from one flower to the next.

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4.04 Health and Disease

• Role of genetics and the environment
• Sickle cell anemia and malaria
• Lung/mouth cancer and tobacco use
• Skin cancer sun exposure
• Sun exposure and vitamin D and folic acid
• 5. Diabetes (environment and genetics)
• 6. PKU and diet

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Immune System

• Antigens foreign protein (bacteria, virus,
  fungus, transplanted organ)
• Antibodies proteins your body makes to defend
  itself against antigens

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Cells of the Immune System

• B cells
• - Make antibodies

• T cells
• Help B cells make antibodies
• Kill infected cells

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Types of Immunity

• Active
• Your body makes the antibodies
• Ex having the disease, getting a vaccination

• Passive
• You get the antibodies from another source
• Ex from mother thru the placenta or mothers
  milk, from a shot (rabies shot)

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Vaccine

• Given a shot of dead or weakened pathogens
• Your body makes antibodies in response to the
  antigens
• You are left with memory cells

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Nutrition

• What makes up a healthy diet?
• What is poor nutrition?
• obesity
• malnutrition
• iron or calcium deficiency
• vitamin deficiency

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Parasites - Plasmodium

• Malaria caused by the protist, Plasmodium.
• Vector Mosquito
• Symptoms fever, chills, headache, nausea
• Treatments
• Prevention
• Antimalarial drugs
• No vaccine

Plasmodium destroying red blood cells
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Toxins - environmental

• Lead -
• Heavy metal, builds up over time
• Exposure more serious in children
• Symptoms reduced IQ, slowed body growth, hearing
  problems, behavior or attention problems, failure
  at school, kidney damage
• Sources paint, plumbing, toys, dinnerware

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Toxins - Environmental

• Mercury
• Heavy metal, builds up over time
• Sources glass thermometers, electrical switches,
  fluorescent light bulbs, fish
• Symptoms numbness or pain in certain parts of
  your skin, uncontrollable shake or tremor,
  inability to walk well, blindness and double
  vision, memory problems, seizures and death (with
  large exposures)
• Very dangerous for fetuses dev. brain

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