Chapter 11 Global Stratification

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Chapter 11Global Stratification

• Key Terms

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• Global system of stratificationA system of
  inequality for the distribution of resources and
  opportunities between countries.
• Per capita gross national product The total
  volume of goods and services produced by a
  country each year, divided by the size of the
  population.

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• Sweatshop Defined by the U.S. General Accounting
  Office as a workplace where an employer violates
  more than one law regarding federal or state
  labor, industrial homework, occupational safety
  and health, workers compensation, or industry
  regulation.
• First-world countriesThe industrialized
  countries of the world (United States, New
  Zealand, Australia, Japan, and countries of
  western Europe.)

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• Second-world countriesCountries with a communist
  based government and a state managed economy.
• Third-world countriesCountries that were poor,
  underdeveloped, largely rural, and with high
  levels of poverty.

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• Core countries Countries that control and profit
  the most from the world system and thus they are
  the "core" of the world system.
• Semi-peripheral countriesCountries that play a
  middleman role in the world economic system,
  extracting profits from the other poor countries
  and passing those profits on to the core
  countries.  

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• Peripheral countriesPoor, largely agricultural
  countries of the world.
• Gender development indexProvides indicators of
  the relative well being or deprivation of women
  in different nations. 

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• Modernization theoryA market-oriented approach,
  sees economic development as a process by which
  traditional societies become more complex and
  differentiated.
• Dependency theoryThe poverty of the low-income
  countries is a direct result of their political
  and economic dependence on the wealthy countries.

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• Neo-colonialismForm of control of the poor
  countries by the rich countries but without
  direct political or military involvement.
• Multinational corporationsAlthough executives
  and stockholders are from the industrialized
  countries, they recognize no national boundaries
  and pursue business where they can best make a
  profit.

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• World systems theoryArgues that the level of
  economic development is explained by
  understanding each countrys place and role in
  the world economic system.
• New international division of labor Focuses on
  the specific mechanism by which differentiated
  profits are attached to the production of goods
  and services. 

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• Commodity chainNetwork of production and labor
  processes by which a product becomes a finished
  commodity.
• Relative povertyThe measure used in the U.S. to
  define poverty relative to the rest of the
  population.

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• Absolute povertyThe situation in which human
  beings do not have enough money for basic
  survival.
• Extreme poverty The situation in which people
  have less than 275 per year to live on.

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• Human poverty index Indicates the degree of
  deprivation in four basic dimensions a long and
  healthy life, knowledge, economic well being, and
  social inclusion.
• Double deprivationWomen in poor countries suffer
  because of their gender and because they
  disproportionately carry the burden of poverty.

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• Newly industrializing countriesCountries that
  have shown rapid growth and have emerged as
  developed countries.