Agriculture

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Agriculture

• Chapter 11

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What is Agriculture and Where did Agriculture
Begin?
Key Question
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Agriculture

• Agriculture the purposeful tending of crops and
  raising of livestock in order to produce food and
  fiber.

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Economic Activities

• Primary economic activities
• products closest to the ground
• Secondary economic activities
• Manufacturing of primary products into new
  products
• Tertiary economic activities
• service industry connecting producers to
  consumers to facilitate trade

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Arable Land Percent Arable by Country
Does the percent of land that is arable in a
country determine the agricultural output or the
calorie consumption in a country?
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The First Agricultural Revolution

• Where did plant domestication begin?
• South and Southeast Asia
• early domestication of root crops, up to 14,000
  years ago.
• Southwest Asia (the Fertile Crescent)
• early domestication of seed crops, about 10,000
  years ago.

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World Areas of Agricultural Innovations
Carl Sauer identified 11 areas where agricultural
innovations occurred.
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Chief Source Regions of Important Crop Plant
Domestications
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The First Agricultural Revolution

• Where did animal domestication begin?
• Fertile Crescent
• began about 8,000 years ago

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The Fertile Crescent Where the planned
cultivation of seed crops began. - because of
seed selection, plants got bigger over time -
generated a surplus of wheat and barley - first
integration of plant growing and animal raising
(used crops to feed livestock, used livestock
to help grow crops)
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Animal Domestication - Relatively few animals
have been domesticated - Attempts at
domestication continue, but most fail
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Subsistence Agriculture

• Subsistence Agriculture
• Agriculture in which people grow only enough
  food to survive.
• - farmers often hold land in common
• - some are sedentary, and some practice
  shifting cultivation
• slash-and-burn/milpa/swidden

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World Regions of Primarily Subsistence
Agriculture On this map, India and China are not
shaded because farmers sell some produce at
markets in equatorial Africa and South America,
subsistence farming allows little excess and thus
little produce sold at markets.
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Subsistence Farming and Colonialism

• Colonial Powers forced subsistence farmers
• To pay taxes, which forced the farmer to sell
  some of his crops
• To use some of their land to grow cash crops like
  cotton
• Remember mercantilismPROFITS!!!
• This forced cropping led to wide spread famine in
  areas where subsistence farming was dominant

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Settling down in one place, a rising population,
and the switch to agriculture are interrelated
occurrences in human history. Hypothesize which
of these three happened first, second, and third,
and explain why.
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How did Agriculture Change with Industrialization?
Key Question
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Second Agriculture Revolution

• A series of innovations, improvements, and
  techniques used to improve the output of
  agricultural surpluses (started before the
  industrial revolution).
• eg. seed drill
• advances in livestock breeding
• new fertilizers

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Von Thunen Model

• Von Thunen Model
• What farmers produce varies by distance from the
  town, with livestock raising farthest from town.
• Cost of transportation governs use of land.
• First effort to analyze the spatial character of
  economic activity.

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Application of Von Thunen Model

• Geographer Lee Liu studied the spatial pattern of
  agriculture production in China.
• Found
• - farmers living in a village farm both lands
  close to the village and far away intensively
• - methods varied spatially resulting in land
  improvement (by adding organic material) close to
  village and land degradation (lots of pesticides
  and fewer conservation tactics) farther from
  village.

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Third Agriculture Revolution(Green Revolution)

• invention of high-yield grains, especially rice,
  with goal of reducing hunger.
• - increased production of rice
• - new varieties in wheat and corn
• - reduced famines due to crop failure,
• now most famines are due to
• political problems
• - impact (in terms of hunger) is greatest
• where rice is produced

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Average Daily Calorie Consumption per Capita
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Opposition to Green Revolution

• Opposition argues Green Revolution
• has led to
• vulnerability to pests
• Soil erosion
• Water shortages
• Micronutrient deficiencies
• Dependency on chemicals for production
• Loss of control over seeds

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Regional and Local Change

• Geographer Judith Carney finds that changing
  agricultural practices alter the rural
  environment and economy and also relations
  between men and women.
• In Gambia, international development projects
  have converted wetlands into irrigated
  agricultural lands, in order to make production
  of rice year round.

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Year Round Rice Production - lands that used to
be used for family subsistence are now used for
commercialized farming with revenues going to
the men.- women do the work of rice production
and see little of the benefit because of the
power relations in Gambia
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Genetically engineered crops are yielding some
ethical problems. In the semi-periphery, farmers
typically keep seeds from crops so that they can
plant the seeds the next year. Companies that
produce genetically engineered seeds do not
approve of this process generally, they want
farmers to purchase new seeds each year. Using
the concepts of scale and jumping scale,
determine the ethical questions in this debate.
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What Imprint does Agriculture make on the
Cultural Landscape?
Key Question
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Cadastral Systems

• A Latin term from 'cadastre' referring to a
  registry of lands. Cadastral surveying is the
  process of determining and defining land
  ownership and boundaries.

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Cadastral Systems

• Township and Range System
• (Rectangular survey system) is based on a grid
  system that creates 1 square mile sections.

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Cadastral Systems

• Rectangular Survey System
• Prevailing survey system in the U.S. Adopted
  after the Revolutionary War by the Federal
  Government. It is similar to the township range
  system.

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Cadastral Systems

• Metes and Bounds Survey
• Uses natural features to demarcate irregular
  parcels of land.

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Cadastral Systems

• Longlot Survey System
• Divides land into narrow parcels stretching back
  from rivers, roads, or canals.

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Dominant Land Survey Patterns in the US
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Township and Range The cultural landscape of
Garden City, Iowa reflects the Township and Range
system. Townships are 6x6 miles and section lines
are every 1 mile.
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Longlot Survey System The cultural landscape
of Burgandy, France reflects the Longlot Survey
system, as land is divided into long, narrow
parcels. People live in nucleated villages and
land ownership is highly fragmented.
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HOUSING AND BUILDING MATERIALS AROUND THE WORLD
MATERIAL REGIONS COMMONLY FOUND
Wood Eurasia, U.S. Pacific Coast, North America, Australia, Brazil, and Chile
Stone Europe, Egypt, India, western China, Yucatan, Mexico, South-Central Africa, Middle East
Grass and brush Low-latitude regions African savanna, East African highlands, upland South Africa, South American highlands, Amazon Basin northern Australia
Poles and sticks (wattle) Africa, Southeast Asia, West Africa, Amazon Basin in South America
Sun-dried brick (brick is often used where wood is not available) Middle East, Middle and South America, northern China, African savanna, and North Africa
Oven-baked brick Modern, contemporary areas in more developed countries
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Village Settlements

• Dispersed Settlement

• Nucleated Settlement

• Houses are far apart
• Land is cultivated by machines
• Example U.S. Midwest

• Most prevalent rural residential pattern in
  agricultural areas
• Houses are bunched together
• Agriculture is cultivated by hand
• Example Japan

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Agricultural VillagesMake a foldable with 5 tabs
labeled

• Linear Village
• Cluster Village (nucleated)
• Round Village (rundling)
• Walled Village
• Grid Village

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NAMETHATFARM VILLAGE!
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Village Forms
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This village may have begun as a small hamlet at
the intersection of 2 roads and developed through
accretion. Houses are grouped together to form
villages.
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Houses and outbuildings are built first and any
other gardens, farms and pastureland lie beyond.
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This resembles a circular village with a central
cattle corral.
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These types of villages form around a geographic
feature like a river or levee.
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These historical villages were built to protect
inhabitants from marauders in many parts of the
world.
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They still exist today in rural areas, reminding
countries of a turbulent past.
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The style originates from colonization in Middle
America from Spanish invaders. Also seen in
Africa due to the Age of Imperialism
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This layout was first used by Slavic
farmer-herdsmen in Eastern Europe, then modified
by Germanic settlers.
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This is a more modern, rural settlement that is
pre-arranged or planned.
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Functional Differentiation within Villages

• Cultural landscape of a village reflects
• Social stratification (How is material well being
  reflected in the spaces of a village?)
• Differentiation of buildings (What are they used
  for? How large are they?)

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Stilt village in Cambodia Buildings look alike,
but serve different purposes.
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Farm in Minnesota each building serves a
different purpose
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Think of an agricultural region you have either
visited or seen from an airplane. Describe the
imprint of agriculture on this cultural
landscape and consider what the cultural
landscape tells you about how agriculture is
produced in this region and how production has
changed over time.
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What is the Global Pattern of Agriculture and
Agribusiness?
Key Question
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Industrial Agriculture in the United States

• Regions of Specialization in the U.S.
• Dairy Belt-ubiquitous (everywhere)
• Corn Belt-centers around Iowa and Illinois
• Spring Wheat Belt-centers around North Dakota
• Winter Wheat Belt-centers around Kansas
• Rice-California and Arkansas

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1. Soybeans-high correlation with corn
2. Citrus-Florida, California, and Texas
3. Cotton-Texas, Mississippi, and California
4. Tobacco- Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virginia
5. Broilers (Chicken farms)- ubiquitous and
   Appalachians southeast U.S.

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• Sugar cane-Louisiana and Hawaii
• Sugar beets-western United States Nebraska
• Sorghum-south central United States
• Peanuts-Georgia
• Grapes-Wines- California and New York

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1. Fruit belt-western Great Lakes
2. Beef cattle-ubiquitous
3. Sheep-western U.S. and Alaska

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Agriculture

• Commercial Agriculture
• Term used to describe large scale farming and
  ranching operations that employ vast land bases,
  large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor
  forces, and the latest technology.
• - roots are in colonial agriculture
• - today, global production made possible by
  advances in transportation and food storage

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Advances in Transportation and Food Storage -
Containerization of seaborne freight traffic -
Refrigeration of containers, as they wait
transport in Dunedin, New Zealand
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Agriculture and Climate

• Climate Regions (based on temperature and
  precipitation) help determine agriculture
  production.
• Agriculture Regions drier lands usually have
  livestock ranching and moister climates usually
  have grain production.

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World Map of Climates

• Koppen Climate Classification System

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World Map of Agriculture

• Cash Crop and Plantation Agriculture
• Cotton and Rubber
• Luxury Crops
• Commercial Livestock, Fruit, and Grain
  Agriculture
• Subsistence Agriculture
• Mediterranean Agriculture
• Illegal Drugs

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Agribusiness and the Changing Geography of
Agriculture

• Commercialization and Industrialization of Crop
  Production
• With the development of new agricultural
  technologies, the production of agriculture has
  changed.
• - eg. Poultry industry in the US
• production is now concentrated
• farming is turning into manufacturing

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Agribusiness

• It is the combination of various pieces of food
  production including
• Farmsprocessing plants---packagers---fertilizer
  laboratories--- distributors---advertising
  agencies

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Organic Agriculture

• Organic Agriculture
• The production of crops without the use of
  synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and
  fertilizers or the raising of livestock without
  hormones, antibiotics, and synthetic feeds.
• - sales of organic foods on the rise
• - grown everywhere
• - demand in wealthier countries

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Organic Agriculture
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Fair Trade Agriculture

• Fair Trade Coffee
• shade grown coffee produced by certified fair
  trade farmers, who then sell the coffee directly
  to coffee importers.
• - guarantees a fair trade price
• - over 500,000 farmers
• - produced in more than 20 countries
• - often organically produced

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Fair trade coffee farmer in El Salvador grows
his beans organically and in the shade, allowing
him to get a much better price for his coffee.
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Loss of Productive Farmland Farmland in danger of
being suburbanized as cities expand into
neighboring farmlands.
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Analyze Figure 11.19. Describe what areas of
farmland in the country are the most susceptible
to development, and explain why certain regions
have more susceptible land than other regions.