Water

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Water
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Water Distribution
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Water use in the US in 2000
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The Water Cycle
Transpiration (plants)
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Parts of a River
Collection
Transportation
Dispersal
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Dendritic
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Dendritic Pic - Yemen
Dendritic pattern Yemen
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Radial
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Rectangular
Limestone Bedrock Naturally fractures into
squares rectangles
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Trellis
Common in the Appalachians where rivers have cut
through parallel ridgelines.
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Drainage Basin
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Drainage Basin II
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Mississippi Basin
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Delta Development
Distributary
Water coming down a river hits the ocean
gradient goes to zero Sediment is deposited
channel eventually fills River jump its banks and
takes a new course Process repeats Very common in
deltas
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Delta Development II
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Mississippi
Distributaries
Mississippi River Delta
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Mature Deltas
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Mississippi Delta
Left to its own devices, the Mississippi would
now be flowing down the Atchafalaya Basin.
Oil refineries line the Mississippi
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Atchafalaya
Mississippi
Embankment
Atchafalaya River
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New Orleans
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Hurricane Threat -- very real
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Eroding defenses
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River Dynamics
Rivers are complex systems influenced by number
of things, which are - discharge - velocity
- gradient - sediment load - base level
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Stream Discharge
- amount of water passing by a given point during
a specific time interval - measured in cubic
meters/second
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Discharge Station
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Velocity
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Meanders
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Cut Bank
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Meandering
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Oxbow Lakes
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Oxbows
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Oxbows II
NE/SD border
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Slope
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Sediment Load
- fine particles are moved in suspension, never
touching the ground (suspended load) - silt
clay giving the water a muddy look - coarse
particles are moved by traction along the stream
bed, jumping along (bed load) - move by
saltation short leaps as a strong current picks
them up and moves them a short distance. - 7-10
of the total sediment load, on average. -
abrasion between particles causing them to wear,
smoothing them and forming round pebbles and
stones. - also wears away the stream channel
along the sides and bottom of the channel. -
dissolved materials are carried along in solution
(dissolved load) - invisible chemical ions
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(No Transcript)
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Mississippi Sediment
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Base Level
The lowest elevation (depth) to which a river can
erode its bed.
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Base Level II
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Stream Maturity
Youthful
Mature
Old Age
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Old Age River
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Flooded River
Levees occur when active deposition takes place
along the banks of an older river when it is in a
flood. Each time this happens the banks get
higher forming a natural levee -- a barrier to
future flooding.
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Natural Levee
Levees
River channel
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Urban Runoff
More pavement dramatically increased runoff
rates
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Levee
If the river doesnt flood, sediment is deposited
on the river bed causes water level to rise
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Concrete Paving
Smooth bottom less friction fast-moving water
less sediment deposition
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Levee Breech
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Dams
Siltation
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Wastewater
15,000,000 people. All pavement. 50 inches of
precipitation per year. Where does all the water
go?
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Urban sewer system
Many urban sewer systems are outdated
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Wilmington
Wilmington, Delaware
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Delaware Streams
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Storm Sewer Runoff
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Storm Sewer Runoff
Raw untreated sewage
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KMEG News Storm Lake, IA
IOWA'S BEACHES WILL STAY OPEN THIS YEAR.EVEN IF
THEY ARE POLLUTED WITH FECAL BACTERIA.THE IOWA
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES SAYS THE BEACHES
AT STATE PARKS ARE TOO POPULAR AND VALUABLE TO
IOWANS TO CLOSE THEM WHEN THERE ISN'T CLEAR
EVIDENCE OF A HEALTH RISK.LAST YEAR, EMERSON BAY
IN LAKE OKOBOJI WAS ONE OF SEVERAL BEACHES
CLOSED.THE D-N-R SAYS THIS YEAR THE STATE WILL
POST WARNING SIGNS INSTEAD.WORKERS WILL BASE
THEIR FINDINGS ONLY ON TESTS FOR FECAL COLIFORM
BACTERIA.LAST YEAR, THE STATE CONSIDERED THREE
DIFFERENT BACTERIAS.THE D-N-R SAYS IT CONSULTED
HEALTH OFFICIALS BEFORE DECIDING THAT USING THREE
WAS CONFUSING AND CUMBERSOME.
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Alesund, Norway
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Wastewater Treatment
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Toxic Runoff
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Acid Drainage
Summitville, CO All aquatic life absent for 17
miles away from mine.
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How bad is it?