18.4 Two Nations Live on the Edge

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18.4Two Nations Live on the Edge

• By Sasha/Ira Hudson and Riley Hewitt

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Vocabulary

• H-bomb The hydrogen bomba thermonuclear weapon
  much more powerful than the atomic bomb.
• Dwight D. Eisenhower President of U.S.
• John Foster Dulles Eisenhower secretary of
  state.
• Brinkmanship The practice of threatening an
  enemy with massive military retaliation for any
  aggression.
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) A U.S. Agency
  created to gather secret information about
  foreign governments.
• Warsaw Pact A military alliance formed in 1955
  by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European
  satellites.
• Eisenhower Doctrine A U.S. commitment to defend
  the Middle East against attack by any communist
  country, announced by President Eisenhower in
  1957.
• Nikita Khrushchev Gained power after Stalins
  death.
• Francis Gary Powers U-2 pilot.
• U-2 Incident The downing of a U.S. spy plane
  and capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union in
  1960.

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Two Nations Live on the Edge!

• The fear of nuclear attack was a direct result of
  the Cold War. After the Soviet Union developed
  its atomic bomb, the two superpowers embarked on
  an arms race that increased both the number and
  the destructive power of weapons.

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Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy

• John Foster Dulles an
• anti-Communist, proposed
• that the U.S. could prevent
• the spread of communism
• by promising to use all of
• its force against any
• aggressor nation.
• Under President
• Eisenhower brinkmanship
• was passed.
• U.S. trimmed its army
• and navy and expanded its air
• force (which would deliver the
• bombs), Soviet Union followed
• suit.
• Many families build
• underground fallout shelters in their
• back yards. Fear of nuclear war
• became a constant in American

• The nuclear arms race began during Trumans
  presidency.
• U.S. entered into a deadly race with Soviet Union
  to see which country would be the 1st to produce
  an H-bomb.
• On Nov. 1, 1952, U.S. won the race but just a
  year later in August 1953, the Soviets exploded
  their own h-bomb.

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The Cold War Spreads Around the World!

• That accomplishes CIAs plan the pro-American
  Shah returned to power and turned over control of
  Iranian oil fields to Western companies.
• In 1954, the CIA took covert action in Guatemala
  as it was believed Guatemalas government had
  Communist sympathies.
• Following the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953,
  everything between U.S. and Soviets seemed to
  change.

• As the nation shifted to a dependence on nuclear
  arms, Eisenhowers administration began to rely
  on CIA for information.
• CIAs 1st covert action took place in the Middle
  East.
• As the Iranian economy faltered, the U.S. feared
  that Mossadegh (Irans prime minister) might turn
  to the Soviets for help.
• In 1953, the CIA gave several million dollars to
  anti-Mossadegh supporters.

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The Cold War Spreads Around the World!

• When West Germany was allowed to return and join
  NATO, the soviets grew fearful and formed its own
  military alliance Warsaw Pact. It linked the
  Soviet union with seven Eastern European
  Countries.
• In July 1955, Eisenhower traveled to Geneva,
  Switzerland, to meet with Soviet leaders.

• Eisenhower put forth an open skies proposal
  (U.S. and Soviets would allow flights over each
  others territory to guard against surprise
  nuclear attacks).
• The Soviets rejected the proposal.
• Still the world hailed the spirit of Geneva as
  a step toward peace.

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The Cold War Spreads Around the World!

• The Suez Crisis was a military attack on Egypt by
  Britain, France, and Israel beginning on October
  29, 1956. The attack followed Egypt's decision of
  July 26,1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal after
  the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the
  United States to fund the building of the Aswan
  Dam.

• President Eisenhower issued a warning known as
  the Eisenhower Doctrine (which would defend the
  Middle East against an attack by any communist
  country.)
• A revolt began in Hungary.
• Nagy (Hungarian Communist leader) formed new
  government.
• Nov 1956, Soviet tanks attacked Hungary.
• Soviets overthrew the Nagy government.
• No help came to Hungary from U.S. or the United
  Nations.

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The Cold War Takes to the Skies

• Nikita Khrushchev gained power in Russia.
• He favored peaceful coexistence (2 powers would
  compete economically and scientifically).
• The space race On October 4, 1957, Soviets
  launched Sputnik, the worlds 1st artificial
  satellite.
• January 31, 1958, U.S. successfully launched its
  1st satellite.

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The Cold War Takes to the Skies

• Following the rejection of Eisenhowers open
  skies proposal the CIA began making secret
  high-altitude flights over soviet territory using
  a U-2. It could fly at high altitude without
  detection.
• Its infrared cameras took detailed photographs.
• The flight took place on May 1, the pilot was
  Francis Gary Powers.
• Soviets shot down the plane and sentenced Powers
  to ten years in prison.
• Eisenhower stopped the U-2 flight, but did not
  apologize.

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Who exploded the 1st H-bomb

• United States
• Soviet Union
• China
• Japan

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Sorry

• That is not correct

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Soviet Union China Japan
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• That is correct

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United States
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Who formed its own military alliance and what was
it called

• Japan Warsaw Pact
• Russia NATO
• United States Warsaw Pact
• Soviet Warsaw Pact

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• That is incorrect

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• Japan Warsaw Pact
• Russia NATO
• United States Warsaw Pact

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• That is correct

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Soviet Warsaw Pact
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Who favored the policy of peaceful coexistence

• Nikita Khrushchev
• Stalin
• Mr. Schumacher
• Eisenhower

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Sorry

• That is incorrect

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• Stalin
• Mr. Schumacher
• Eisenhower

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Congratulations

• That is correct

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Nikita Khrushchev
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On October 4 1957, the Soviets launched ______,
the worlds 1st artificial satellite

• Aerospace
• Sputnik
• Attendant
• Sidera Medicae

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Sorry

• That is incorrect

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• Attendant
• Sidera Medicae

Aerospace
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Congratulations

• That is correct

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• Sputnik

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Who persuaded Eisenhower to authorize one last
U-2 flight

• Cristiano Ronaldo
• Truman
• Francis Gary Powers
• Dulles

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Sorry

• That is incorrect

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• Cristiano Ronaldo
• Truman
• Francis Gary Powers

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• That is correct

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• Dulles