THE RISE OF HITLER

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THE RISE OF HITLER
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The Rise of Hitler

• Hitler was a brilliant orator who was very
  effective at public speaking
• Public meetings were carefully staged managed
  with floodlights, military music and marches by
  nazi supporters
• To rouse the people into supporting Hitler
  without the faintest idea of what they were
  agreeing to

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The Rise of Hitler

• Hitler managed to get the support of some wealthy
  industrialists
• Thought that a Nazi Germany would be strong and
  thus good for the economy
• Worried also about the growing support for
  communism
• Thought that Hitler would be the best defence
  against communism

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The Rise of Hitler

• Eventually Hitler came to power
• Other parties could not resolve their differences
  to unite against him
• The President, Hindenburg, had no choice but to
  appoint Hitler as Chancellor in Jan 1933
• Beginning of the end for Weimar Germany and the
  start of the Third Reich (the third German
  empire)

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The Rise of Hitler

• The First Reich refers to the rule of the Holy
  Roman Empires (800-1806)
• The Second Reich refers to the rule of the German
  Emperors (1871 1918)
• The Third Reich refers to the rule of Adolf
  Hitler (1933 1945)

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HITLER IN POWER
1933 - 1938
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You will learn..

• How Hitler established political control (power)
• How Hitler established social control
• How Hitler established economic control

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POLITICAL CONTROL

• A thousand year Reich
• But Hitlers Third Reich only lasted 12 years
• Ended with Germanys defeat and Hitlers suicide
  amidst the ruins of Berlin
• This lesson looks at what happened inside Germany
  in the years before WWII broke out

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Why Hitler was supported?

• Hitler Chancellor in Jan 1933
• Supported by President, German army and many
  politicians
• Hoped for a strong govt and a solution to
  Germanys economic problems
• Then they will get rid of Hitler

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How Hitler consolidated his power?

• Hitler, however, was determined to stay
• Went about making sure he had complete power
• How?

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1. Use of Violence

• Stopped newspapers from criticizing the Nazis
• Dismissed officials who opposed him
• Use his unformed followers to break up meetings
  of other parties and beat up his opponents (SA
  SS)
• Extreme Nazi violence throughout the election
  campaign, especially against the communists

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2. The Reichstag Fire

• A week before the elections, the Reichstag
  building in Berlin went up in flames
• Hitler blamed the fire on the communists
• Used this as an excuse to issue an emergency law

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The Reichstag Fire

• This law removed freedoms promised by the Weimar
  Republic
• Right to a fair trial
• Free press
• The fire was almost certainly started by the
  Nazis though the Germans did not know this then

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3. Election Campaign

• Called for new elections for the Reichstag
  (parliament)
• Although the Nazi Party was the single largest
  party in the Reichstag, Hitler wanted an overall
  majority

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Results of the Election Campaign

• Results of election
• Nazis obtained 43
• With the help of the Nationalist party, managed
  to scrap through an overall majority of 51

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4. The Enabling Act, 1933

• Hitler now schemed to have the Reichstag give up
  its powers and rule as a dictator
• To do this, the Reichstag had to pass an
  Enabling Act which required 2/3 majority
• Hitler achieved this.
• How do you think he did it?

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The Enabling Act, 1933

• 3 WAYS
• Banned communist deputies from coming to the
  Reichstag so they could not use their votes
  Reichstag Fire
• Persuaded the Centre Party to vote for the Act by
  giving vague promises
• Using the votes of his allies, the Nationalist
  Party

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Effects of Enabling Act

• Because of the Enabling Act, democracy died in
  Germany
• Other political parties were banned
• Trade Unions taken over by the Nazis
• Press, radio and cinema placed under total Nazi
  control

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The End of Democracy in Germany

• Opponents arrested, imprisoned or killed
• Concentration camps and forced labour camps
• SS and Gestapo struck terror into many Nazi
  opponents
• Many fled the country eg Albert Einstein and the
  writer Thomas Mann

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5. The Night of the Long Knives 1934

• Hitler wanted to have complete power within his
  own party
• Ernst Rohm, leader of the SA, was disappointed
• Not given a more important role in the new
  government
• Started to create trouble for Hitler
• Hitler decide to get rid of him and many of his
  followers
• How would you do that if you were Hitler?

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The Night of the Long Knives 1934

• Hitler called the leaders of the SA to a special
  conference
• During the night, he had them dragged out of bed
  and shot
• On the same night, many other opponents all over
  Germany suffered the same fate
• No public protests demonstrated Hitlers power
  and the peoples fear
• This became known as the Night of the Long Knives

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6. Establishing post of Fuhrer

• 2 months later, President Hindenberg died
• Hitler combined the jobs of Chancellor and
  President Fuhrer (Leader)
• He also became commander in chief of the armed
  forces
• He was now the supreme dictator of Germany

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Social Control
HITLER's GERMANY
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1. Education

• Aim of education train young people up to be
  Nazis and loyal citizens of Nazi Germany
• Education was carefully controlled
• There was Race Studies as well as German History
  and Geography
• Strict curriculum indoctrinated with Nazi ideas

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2. Youth Movements

• Hitler Youth Movements
• Girls and boys (14-18 yrs) encouraged to join
  this organisation
• Divided into different sections according to age
• Those who did not join found it difficult to get
  in the University or to find jobs after leaving
  school
• Military styled training / motherhood women to
  stay at home and produce babies

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3. Propaganda

• Controlled by Ministry of Peoples Enlightenment
  and Propaganda
• Helped Germans agree with Nazi Germany
• E.g. posters images of Hitler throughout
  Germany
• E.g. Radio to broadcast Hitlers ideas, books,
  music, etc.

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4. Censorship

• Banned undesired books
• Burnt books
• Newspapers tightly controlled
• News slanted in favour of the Nazis

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5. Strict control of people

• Nazi Party many ways of controlling the lives
  and influencing the thoughts of the German people
• People were watched everywhere at work, at
  school, even at home!
• A PARTY REPRESENTATIVE in every street
• Gestapo or Secret Police
• SS security forces as well as control of the
  police force

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Strict control of the people

• Declared Nazis the Aryan race against
  undesirable Jews, homosexuals, disabled people,
  etc.
• Nazi controlled National Reich Church
  celebrated Aryanism

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The Jews

• Nazis had always attacked the Jews
• Jews were blamed for all of Germanys problems
• Once in power, the Nazis began a campaign of
  anti-semitic persecution

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The Jews

• Jews were arrested and beaten up
• Many forced out of their jobs
• Jewish shops had slogans painted over their
  windows
• People were discouraged from buying their goods
• Many left Germany but most stayed
• They had nowhere else to go

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The Jews

• Between 1933 and 1938, laws discriminating
  against Jews were passed
• Jews were not allowed in the civil service and
  the judiciary
• Jews were not considered German citizens
• Jews could not take part in economic activity
• Jews had to carry identity cards and passports
  which identified them as Jews

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The Jews

• 1935 Nuremberg Laws
• forbade Jews to marry non-Jews
• Persecution turned violent in 1938
• Mass murder of Jews what the Nazis called The
  Final Solution to the Jewish problem did not
  take place until after the outbreak of WWII

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HITLER's GERMANY
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The Economy

• Hitler needed a strong economy to sustain his
  large army
• He knew his Nazi Party would win more support if
  he could revive the economy and reduce
  unemployment

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The Economy

• Introduced road-building as one measure to solve
  Germanys economic problems
• Provided jobs for large numbers of people
• Had the income to buy more goods which provided
  work for others
• Other measures reclaim waste land and pull down
  slums in the cities
• In this way, Hitler was able to reduce the number
  of unemployed

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The Economy

• Rearmament started in 1934 - Greater demand for
  armaments jobs for people in the arms factories
• A large party bureaucracy was set up, providing
  thousands of jobs
• Purges of Jews and anti-Nazis from the civil
  service created more jobs for the other Germans

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The Economy

• Growth in German army also provided jobs
• Conscription reintroduced in 1935
• 6 million unemployed in 1933 reduced to 2.5
  million in 1935 to 250,000 in 1939
• Made Hitler immensely popular with many Germans

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Conclusion

• Having fulfilled his promise of economic
  recovery, and knowing he had the German peoples
  support, Hitler was now ready for his next plan
  of action
• To extend Germanys border and prove to the world
  Germanys superiority