Introduction to Chemistry

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Introduction to Chemistry
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Chemistry
The study of the composition, structure, and
properties of matter, the processes that matter
undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany
these processes.
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Branches of Chemistry

• Organic carbon containing compounds
• Inorganic metals and anything not organic
• Physical properties / changes / energy
• Analytical identification and composition of
  materials
• Biochemistry living things
• Theoretical math computers to understand

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Research Technology

• Basic Research for the sake of knowledge
• Applied Research to solve a problem
• Technological Development improve quality of
  life

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Matter is anything that has mass and takes up
space.
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• Mass is a measure of the amount of matter.
• Volume is the amount of space an object occupies.

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Building Blocks of Matter

• Atom smallest unit of an element that maintains
  the chemical identity of that element.
• Element pure substance that cannot be broken
  down into simpler, stable substances and is made
  of one type of atom.

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• Compound substance that can be broken down into
  simple stable substances. Each compound is made
  from the atoms of two or more elements that are
  chemically bonded.

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Extensive Properties
depend on the amount of matter present.

• Volume
• Mass
• Amount of energy

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Intensive Properties
do not depend on the amount of matter present.

• Melting Point
• Boiling Point
• Density
• Electrical Conductivity

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Physical Properties
can be observed or measured without changing the
identity of a substance.

• Density
• Color
• Melting point

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Chemical Properties
relate to a substances ability to undergo
changes that transform it into a different
substance.

• Flammability (tendency of a substance to burn in
  air)
• Reactivity
• Toxicity

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Physical Changes

• If it is still the same substance when you are
  done with it, it is a physical change.
• Ex Crushing, tearing, Evaporating Water (still
  H2O), any phase change.

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Chemical Changes

• If it is NOT the same substance when you are done
  with it, it is a chemical change.
• Ex Cooking or burning something, Rusting metal.

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How Do You Know?

• Chemical Change Bubbling, color change,
  temperature change.

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Energy

• Energy is always either used or given off in any
  physical or chemical change.
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed (Law of
  Conservation of Energy).

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Ask Yourself

• Has the change altered the identity of the
  substance?
• If yes Chemical Change
• If no Physical Change

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States of Matter

• Solid definite shape and definite volume.

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States of Matter

• Liquid indefinite shape but definite volume
  takes shape of container.

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States of Matter

• Gas no definite shape or volume expands to
  fill container and takes shape of container.

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States of Matter

• Plasma no definite shape or volume a high
  temperature state where atoms lose most of their
  electrons.

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States of Matter
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Changes in State
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Changes in Matter
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Classification of Matter

• Mixture A blend of two or more kinds of matter,
  each of which retains its own identity and
  properties. Can be separated.
• Pure Substance Has a fixed composition.

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Pure Substances

• Compounds (Ex water, sodium chloride, sucrose)
• Elements (Ex gold, aluminum, oxygen, chlorine)

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Mixtures

• Homogeneous same throughout
• (Ex air, stainless steel, solutions like
  sugar-water)
• Heterogeneous not the same throughout (Ex
  granite, wood, blood)

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Separating Mixtures

• Filtration pour liquid through paper that
  catches solid and lets liquid pass through.
• Can only be used on a heterogeneous mixture of a
  liquid and a solid.

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Separating Homogeneous Mixtures by

• Distillation
• Crystallization
• Chromatography

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Separating Homogeneous Mixtures

• Chromatography solution is separated by
  allowing it to flow along a stationary substance.

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Separating Homogeneous Mixtures

• Distillation separates by different boiling
  points.

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Separating Homogeneous Mixtures

• Crystallization boil off or evaporate off the
  liquid and you are left with the solid.

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Intro to Periodic Table
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Organizing the Squares

• Metals
• Nonmetals
• Metalloids

• Groups or families
• Vertical columns
• Groups have similar chemical and physical
  properties.
• Periods
• Horizontal Rows

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Properties of Metals

• Luster - shiny
• Conduct Electricity Heat
• Malleable hammered into thin sheets
• Ductile drawn into wire

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Properties of Non-Metals

• No Luster not shiny
• Nonconductors
• Brittle
• Non-Ductile

Helium
SULFUR
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Properties of Metalloids

• Also called semimetals
• Have properties of both metals and non-metals.
• B, Si, Ge, As, Sb

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Group Names

• Alkali Metals
• Alkaline Earth Metals
• Transition Metals
• Halogens
• Noble Gases

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Noble Gases

• Inert Gases do not readily react.
• Are gases at room temperature.