Chapter 10 America Claims an Empire (1890-1920)

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Chapter 10 America Claims an Empire (1890-1920)

• I. Imperialism and America (pages 364-367)
• A. Imperialism
• B. U.S. join Europe and establish colonies
  overseas
• C. arguments in favor
• 1. new markets
• 2. military strength (Admiral Alfred
  Mahan)
• 3. belief in Anglo-Saxon superiority
• a. Social Darwinism -
• b. White Mans Burden -

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• Rudyard Kiplings White Mans Burden
• Take up the White Man's burden
• Send forth the best ye breed
• Go bind your sons to exile
• To serve your captives' need
• To wait in heavy harness,
• On fluttered folk and wild
• Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
• Half-devil and half-child.
• Take up the White Man's burden
• In patience to abide,
• To veil the threat of terror
• And check the show of pride
• By open speech and simple,
• An hundred times made plain
• To seek another's profit,
• And work another's gain.

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• D. arguments against
• 1. threat to our Anglo-Saxon heritage
• 2. moral grounds
• 3. practical grounds
• Examples of U.S. Imperialism (pages 366-381)
• A. Hawaii
• 1. American sugar growers in Hawaii
  want Hawaii
• annexed why?
• 2. revolution against Queen
  Liliuokalani (1893) helped by
  U.S ambassador John Stevens

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3. provisional government under Sanford Dole
Republic of
Hawaii 4. President Grover Cleveland -
recognized but against annexation unless
Hawaiians approve 5. President William
McKinley - annexed in 1898 without
Hawaiians voting
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• B. The Spanish-American War (1898) (pages
  370-381)
• 1. background
• a. long interest in Cuba, Spains colony
• b. Americans invested in sugar cane
  plantations
• (after 1886)
• c. Cuba fought 2 wars for independence
• (1.) 1868-1878
• (2.) 1895 / Jose Marti / deliberately
  destroyed
• American property . . . to get U.S.
• involved
• d. American public opinion split

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• 2. causes (in addition to destruction of
  American property)
• a. sympathy for Cuban people / General
  Valeriano the Butcher Weyler
• b. yellow journalism / Joseph
  Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst
• c. de Lome letter (February)
• d. sinking of the Maine (February)

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• Reports on the Maine
• Captain Sigbees official report to the Navy
  Department
• Maine blown up in Havana harbor at nine forty
  tonight and
• destroyed. Many wounded and doubtless more
  killed and
• drowned . . . Public opinion should be suspended
  until further
• report . . . . Many Spanish officers . . . now
  with me express
• sympathy.
• Sylvester Scovel in the New York World
• The cause of the disaster to the United States
  battleship Maine
• is undetermined. It is not known whether is
  resulted from a bomb
• or a torpedo, an explosion in the magazine, or
  the carelessness
• of the officers. All is conjecture, uncertainty,
  excitement . . .

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• George E. Bryson in the New York Evening Journal
• The Maine was destroyed by a torpedo . . . The
  discovery of the
• hole in the bottom of the Maine, giving undoubted
  proof of
• Spanish treachery . . . shows that the great
  battleship and her
• crew . . . were deliberately sacrificed.
• Walter S. Meriwether in the
• New York Herald
• I made the rounds of the hospitals . . .
• With all possible tenderness and
• care the Spanish doctors were
• dressing the face of a fireman.
• There is something in my eyes, he said.
• Wait and let me open them.
• Both eyes were gone.

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• 3. the Splendid Little War (April- August
  1898)
• a. after the deLome letter and the Maine
  most Americans favored war
  with Spain (despite concessions)
• b. April 11 - President McKinley asks to
  use force
• against Spain
• April 20 Congress declares war
  against Spain
• c. 3 main areas of fighting
• (1.) Philippines
• (a.) Admiral George Dewey / Manila Bay
• (May) -
• (b.) Emilio Aguinaldo -

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• Oh, dewey was the morning
• Upon the First of May,
• And Dewey was the admiral
• Down in Manila Bay
• And dewey were the
• Regents eyes,
• Them orbs of royal blue,
• And dew we feel
• discouraged?
• I do not think we dew!

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• (2.) Cuba
• (a.) Admiral William Sampson / naval
  blockade . . .
• sealed the Spanish fleet in harbor
  of
• Santiago de Cuba
• (b.) U.S. Army arrives in
• June inexperienced,
• ill-prepared faced
• hardships

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Recipe for Hardtack

• http//users.lmi.net/mcm20me/20th_Maine/CompG/rese
  arch/hardtack.htm

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• (i.) led by Major General William Shafter
• (ii.) most famous land battle . . . uphill
  charge on Kettle Hill by Rough Riders
  (Leonard Wood Teddy
  Roosevelt) 9th and 10th Cavalries
• (African-American regiments) which led
  to
• infantry attack on San Juan Hill (July)
• (c.) Spanish fleet tried to escape blockade
  destroyed
• (July)

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• (3.) Puerto Rico
• (a.) American troops
  invaded /little
  resistance
• 4. Results
• a. armistice signed (August)
  . . . war lasted
• only 4 months, few casualties
  (5,400 out of
• 300,000 most
  from disease)
• b. Treaty of Paris
  (December)
• (1.) Cuba
  independent
• (later Platt Amendment)
• (a.) U.S.
  protectorate
• (b.)
  Good Neighbor Policy (1934)

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• (2.) U.S. acquires Puerto Rico
• (a.) Foraker
  Act (1900)
• (b.) U.S. citizenship (1917)
• (c.) commonwealth (1952)
• (3.) U.S. acquires Guam
• (a.) U.S. Navy
• (b.) Organic Act
  (1946)
• (4.) buy Philippines for 20 million
• (a.) Philippine-American War
  (1899-1902)
• (b). independence (1946)

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• C. China - Open Door Policy
• 1. John Jay / Open Door notes (1899)
• 2. Boxer Rebellion (1900)

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• III. America as a world power (pages 382-389)
• A. after Spanish-American War U.S. considered to
  be
• a world power (Presidents Teddy Roosevelt,
  William
• Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson)
• B. keeping the power
• 1. big stick diplomacy
• a. the Great White Fleet
• b. Roosevelt Corollary
• c. Panama Canal
• 2. dollar diplomacy

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• 3. missionary diplomacy
• a. General Victoriano Huertas government
  of
• butchers
• b. War? Pancho Villa vs. General John J.
  Black Jack
• Pershing
• U.S. now more involved in world affairs . . .
  combined with
• the visions of Progressivism . . . World
  War I