The Brain

1
The Brain

• History, Anatomy, Understanding

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Ultimate Challenge?

• To understand itself!

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Please copy the underlined bold portion into your
own personal notes.
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History

• The first recorded use of the word "brain"
  belongs to the ancient Egyptians. The word for
  "brain" and other "neuro" words appear in the
  Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus which was written by
  an unknown Egyptian surgeon around 1,700 BC.

• Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Aristotle (384-322
  B.C.) were early "thinkers" who wrote about the
  brain and mind. However, Aristotle believed that
  the heart, not the brain, was important for
  intelligence.
• Galen (129-199) was another early neuroscientist.
  
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), who came along
  much later, also could be thought of as a
  neuroscientist.

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History

• Phrenology
• The theory that claimed that bumps on the skull
  could reveal our mental abilities and our
  character traits.
• Invented by German physician Franz Gall in the
  1800s

http//www.youtube.com/watch?v80dZ71Km6_g
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• Gall argues that properties such as intelligence
  and morality are "inate" (nature as opposed to
  nurture), that these depend on the brain and that
  since the shape of the skull reflects the shape
  of the brain it must therefore reflect the moral
  and intellectual standing of the individual.

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Phrenology

• This area of science did correctly focus
  attention on the idea that various brain regions
  have particular functions!

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Biological Psychology

• Branch of psychology concerned with the links
  between biology and behavior.
• AKA
• Behavioral Neuroscientists
• Behavior Geneticists
• Physiological Psychologists
• Biopsychologists

9
Disease Number of Cases Cost per year
Chronic Pain 97,000,000 100 billion
Hearing Loss 28,000,000 56 billion
Depression Disorders 20,500,000 44 billion
Alzheimer's Disease 4,500,000 100 billion
Stroke 4,700,000 51 billion
Epilepsy 2,500,000 3.5 billion
Traumatic Head Injury 5,000,000 56.3 billion
Huntington's Disease 30,000 2 billion
Schizophrenia 2,000,000 32.5 billion
Parkinson's Disease 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 25 billion
Multiple Sclerosis 2,500,000 9.5 billion
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury 250,000 10 billion

• Neuroscientists would also like to find
  treatments and cures for the diseases that affect
  the nervous system. Neurological illnesses affect
  more than 50 million Americans each year - this
  costs billions of dollars each year.

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Understanding the Brain

• The Neuron- Please label and attach to your
  notecard.

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Parts of a Neuron

• Neuron A nerve cell the basic building block
  of the nervous system.

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Parts of a Neuron

• Dendrite
• The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that
  receive messages and conduct impulses toward the
  cell body.

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Parts of a Neuron

• Axon
• The extension of a neuron, ending in branching
  terminal fibers, through which messages are sent
  to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

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Parts of a Neuron

• Myelin Sheath
• A layer of fatty tissues segmentally encasing the
  fibers of many neurons enables vastly greater
  transmission speed of neural impulses as the
  impulse hops from one node to the next.

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Parts of a Neuron

• Action Potential
• A neural impulse a brief electrical charge that
  travels down an axon. The action potential is
  generated by the movement of positively charged
  atoms in and out of channels in the axons
  membrane.

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Play-Doh Time

• Please partner up and share 1 container of
  Play-Doh per partners.
• Please recreate a neuron using the Play-Doh.
• Please do not Mix the colors.

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Synapse

• The junction between the axon tip of the sending
  neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the
  receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction
  is called the synaptic gap or cleft.

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Neurotransmitter

• Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic
  gaps between neurons. When released by the
  sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across
  the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the
  receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it
  will generate a neural impulse.

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Neurotransmitter Examples

• Dopamine
• Movement
• Learning
• Attention
• Emotion
• Too much dopamine has been linked with
  schizophrenia

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vTl8-C9ZuLTA
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Neurotransmitter Examples

• Serotonin
• Mood
• Hunger
• Sleep
• Arousal
• Prozac and other antidepressants raise serotonin
  levels

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vAsjSjQ1YIXE
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Neurotransmitter Examples

• Norepinephrine (nawr-ep-uh-nef-rin)
• Alertness
• Arousal
• Increases heart rate
• Increases blood pressure
• Norepinephrine is a stress hormone. The human
  brain releases it in times of stress, when the
  fight-or-flight response kicks in, in order to
  release energy from fat, increase heart rate, and
  increase muscle readiness. It also has an effect
  on the brain's attention and impulsivity.

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Neurotransmitter Examples

• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• Used in the treatment of depression,
  manic-depressive (bipolar) disorder, seizures,
  premenstrual dysphoric (feeling depressed)
  disorder, and anxiety.
• Serves as a inhibitory neurotransmitter to block
  the transmission of an impulse from one cell to
  another in the central nervous system.
• Improves sleep cycles leading to more restful
  sleeping.
• Has powerful stabilizing effects on blood
  pressure.
• A very effective analgesic, eliminating pain from
  chronic conditions such as arthritis and lower
  back pain.
• May also lessen pain-related nerve impulses.

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Neurotransmitter Examples

• Acetylcholine
• Muscle Action
• Learning
• Memory
• Curare is a poison applied to darts that block
  acetylcholine and cause paralysis.
• Black Widow Poison floods the body with
  acetylcholine causing violent muscle
  contractions, convulsions, and possible death.
• The neurons that produce this vital chemical
  messenger deteriorate when a person has
  Alzheimers Disease.

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Neurotransmitter Examples

• Endorphins
• Linked with pain control and pleasure
• Endorphins are opiate-like chemicals that produce
  feelings of euphoria and calmness in response to
  external stimuli like pain, excitement and
  physical exertion.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vTjrBdKXgYFY
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Endorphins
The Runners High
Winning Vs. Losing http//www.youtube.com/watch?v
GCu8acirMEg
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Brain Teaser Time!!!
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Altering Neurotransmission

• Any mood altering drugs that mimic and suppress
  natural production.
• Agonists excite by mimicking particular
  neurotransmitters or block their reuptake.
• Antagonists inhibit by blocking
  neurotransmitters.
• Includes alcohol, nicotine, morphine, heroin, and
  other prescription drugs.
• Some help alleviate depression and schizophrenia.

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The Brain on Drugs
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vof0TiyXWhOk
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The Central Nervous System
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vcqvoV4R7T2gfeature
player_embedded
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The Central Nervous System

• The spinal cord connects information from the
  body with the brain.
• Ascending neural tracts send up sensory
  information.
• Descending tracts send back motor-control
  information.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?v1Lp3JCB0k-g
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The Nervous System

• The central nervous systems neurons in the brain
  and spinal cord communicate with the peripheral
  nervous systems sensory and motor neurons.
• The peripheral nervous system has two main
  divisions
• The somatic nervous system directs voluntary
  movements and reflexes
• The autonomic nervous system controls our
  involuntary muscles and glands

Please replace brain and spinal cord with the two
main divisions.
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The Brain
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Parts of the brain

• Neo-Cortex, Frontal Lobe
• Brainstem! Brainstem!
• Hippocampus, Neural Node, Right Hemisphere
• Pons and Cortex Visual
• Brainstem! Brainstem!
• Sylvian Fissure, Pineal, Left Hemisphere
• Cer-e-bellum Left, Cer-e-bellum Right
• Synapse, Hypothalamus, Striatum, Dendrite
• Axon Fibers, Matter Grey
• Brainstem! Brainstem!
• Central Tegmental Pathway, Temporal Lobe
• White Core Matter, Forebrain, Skull
• Brainstem! Brainstem!
• Central Fissure, Cord Spinal, Parietal
• Pia Mater, Meningeal Vein, Medulla Oblongata and
  Lobe Limbic,
• Micro-Electrodes
• The Brain!
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vf4ZdmTY0mdY

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Did you know?
The human brain only weighs 3lbs.
It consumes up to 20 of your body energy
The brain makes up less than 2.5 of your
total body weight
The main source of energy for your brain
comes from glucose and oxygen.
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Please label your diagram accordingly..
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Brain Teaser!!!
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Brainstem

• The oldest part and central core of the brain,
  beginning where the spinal cord swells as it
  enters the skull
• Responsible for automatic survival functions

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The Brain- Medulla Oblongata

• Medulla
• The base of the brainstem
• Controls heartbeat and breathing

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The Human Brain

• Your brain can be considered the most complex
  organ in your body and the centerpiece of your
  nervous system. Although your brain works as a
  unified whole, neuroscientists can identify areas
  within it that perform specific functions. Your
  brain is organized into three interconnected
  layers the central core, limbic system, and
  cerebral cortex, all of which contain structures
  that regulate everyday life.

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Central Core

• The central core is found in all vertebrates.
  Its five main regions help regulate basic life
  processes, including breathing, pulse, arousal,
  movement, balance, sleep, and the early stage of
  processing sensory information

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Central Core

• The thalamus begins the process of interpreting
  sensory information. It determines fundamental
  properties, such as whether something is good or
  bad, and then forwards the information to the
  appropriate area of the cerebral cortex, where
  information processing continues.

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Central Core

• The pons triggers dreaming and waking from sleep.

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Central Core

• The cerebellum coordinates body movements,
  controls posture, and maintains equilibrium.

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Central Core

• The reticular formation signals the cerebral
  cortex to attend to new stimulation and to remain
  alert even during sleep.

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Central Core

• The medulla is the center for breathing, waking,
  sleeping, and bearing of the heart.

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Central Core Research

• Why do we sleep? What happens in the brain
  during sleep? What are the consequences of
  missing sleep? This daily part of life is a
  popular research subject among psychologists
  today. Certain structures from the brains
  central core, including the thalamus and
  reticular formation, may play a key role in sleep
  and wakefulness.

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Brain Teaser!!!
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Limbic System

• The limbic system exists only in mammals. Its
  regions mediate motivated behaviors, emotional
  states, and memory processes. The limbic system
  also regulates body temperature, blood pressure,
  blood sugar level, and other housekeeping
  activities.

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Limbic System

• The hippocampus plays an important role in
  emotion, learning, and memory.

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Limbic System

• The amygdalauh-mig-duh-luh plays a role in
  aggression, eating, drinking, and sexual
  behaviors.

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Limbic System

• The hypothalamus monitors blood levels of
  glucose, salt, blood pressure, and hormones. It
  also helps to regulate processes in the body
  through its connection to the central and
  autonomic nervous systems and endocrine system.

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Limbic System Research

• So researchers of memory focus their studies on
  the limbic system. Memory function is partly
  organized by the hippocampus, which collects and
  relays memory information to other layers of the
  brain. Memory-impairing conditions, like
  Alzheimers disease, reveal tangles and plaques
  in the hippocampus. These changes in cellular
  structure interfere with the brains memory
  function.

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Memory Game
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You have 20 seconds.

• Shoes
• Brain
• School
• Yellow
• Pencil
• Doctor
• Counselor
• Purple
• Test
• Phone

• Paperclip
• Folder
• Paper
• Red
• Shirt
• Books
• Green
• Dog
• Board
• Computer

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Cerebral Cortex

• The cerebral cortex directs the brains higher
  cognitive and emotional functions. It is divided
  into two almost symmetrical halves called the
  cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere contains
  four lobes. Areas within these lobes oversee all
  forms of conscious experience, including
  perception, emotion, thought, and planning, as
  well as many unconscious cognitive and emotional
  processes.

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Cerebral Cortex

• The frontal lobe assists in motor control and
  cognitive activities, such as planning, making
  decisions, setting goals, and relating the
  present to the future through purposeful behavior.

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Cerebral Cortex

• The occipital lobe processes visual information
  and passes its conclusions to the parietal and
  temporal lobes.

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Cerebral Cortex

• The parietal lobe assists in sensory processes,
  spatial interpretation, attention, and language
  comprehension.

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Cerebral Cortex

• The temporal lobe assists in auditory perception,
  language comprehension, and visual recognition.

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Cerebral Cortex Research

• The cerebral cortex plays a central role in the
  complex task of reading. Current research helps
  to explain how visual information and images of
  words travel through the occipital lobe to
  language-processing areas found in the temporal
  and frontal lobes. This work may result in new
  approaches to treating dyslexia an other reading
  problems.

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Brain Teaser!!
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Motor Cortex

• Area at the rear of the frontal lobes that
  controls voluntary movements. (Arch-shaped
  region at the back of the frontal lobe, running
  roughly from ear to ear across the top of the
  brain.)
• When stimulated, specific parts of this region in
  the left or right hemisphere move body parts on
  the opposite side of the body.

16 month old has Brain Surgery
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Sensory Cortex

• The somatic (relating to the brain) sensory,
  auditory, visual, and olfactory regions of the
  cerebral cortex considered as a group.

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Association Areas

• a term applied to those regions of the brain that
  link the primary motor and sensory cortices

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Language
Please label the different parts correctly and
place on your notecard.
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Brocas Area

• Broca's area is the area of the brain responsible
  for speech production, language processing, and
  language comprehension, as well as controlling
  facial neurons.

• Damage to Broca's Area(Broca's aphasia)
• prevents a person from producing speech
• person can understand language
• words are not properly formed
• speech is slow and slurred.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vf2IiMEbMnPMpF35FB
0FD9EEA90ACplaynext1index34safety_modetruep
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Wernickes Area
Wernicke's area is the region of the brain that
is important in language development. The
Wernicke's Area is located on the temporal lobe
on the left side of the brain and is responsible
for the comprehension of speech
Damage to Wernicke's Area(Wernicke's aphasia) loss of the ability to understand language person can speak clearly, but the words that are put together make no sense. This way of speaking has been called "word salad" because it appears that the words are all mixed up like the vegetables in a salad.
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vaVhYN7NTIKUsafety_
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Plasticity

• Brain plasticity is a term which is used to refer
  the brain's unique ability to constantly change,
  grow, and remap itself over the course of a
  lifetime.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vLGzxT5SisaQ
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Splitting the Brain

• Split-brain (corpus calloscotomy) surgery
  involves the cutting of the corpus callosum. The
  corpus callosum is the region of the brain that
  connects the left and right hemispheres.
  Millions of axons run from one side of the brain
  to the other via this region. This allows the
  left side to communicate with the right side.
  When a split-brain surgery is performed, the left
  and right hemispheres can no longer fully send
  messages to one another.
• The right hemisphere controls the left side of
  the body and the left hemisphere controls the
  right side. Many simple tasks, especially
  comprehension of inputs, require functions
  specific to both hemispheres and thus require
  communication between hemispheres.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vZMLzP1VCANofeature
related
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Brain Teaser!!
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Scanning the brain

• What Brain Scans Can Do
• Show damage to brain tissue, the skull, or blood
  vessels in the brain
• Be used with other medical tests to help doctors
  find the right diagnosis for mood and behavioral
  problems
• Help researchers study healthy brain development,
  effects of mental illnesses or effects of mental
  health treatments on the brain.
• What Brain Scans Cannot Do
• Diagnose mental illness when used by themselves
• Predict risk of getting a mental illness.

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PET-Positron Emission Tomography

• PET measures emissions from radioactively labeled
  chemicals that have been injected into the
  bloodstream and uses the data to produce two- or
  three-dimensional images of the distribution of
  the chemicals throughout the brain and body.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vQZQq7chGoO4safety_
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SPECT-Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

• Similar to PET, this imaging procedure also uses
  radioactive tracers and a scanner to record data
  that a computer uses to construct two- or
  three-dimensional images of active brain regions.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vRV1Ql3rDJlEpA4667
083C31A4860playnext1index23safety_modetruep
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MRI-Magnetic Resonance Imaging

• MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to
  produce high-quality two- or three dimensional
  images of brain structures without injecting
  radioactive tracers.

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EEG-Electroencephalography

• Electroencephalography uses electrodes placed on
  the scalp to detect and measure patterns of
  electrical activity emanating from the brain.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vt6XeCwFQrCAsafety_
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CAT Scan (CT Scan)

• CT scanningsometimes called CAT scanningis a
  noninvasive medical test that helps physicians
  diagnose and treat medical conditions.
• CT scanning combines special x-ray equipment with
  sophisticated computers to produce multiple
  images or pictures of the inside of the body.
  These cross-sectional images of the area being
  studied can then be examined on a computer
  monitor, printed or transferred to a CD.
• CT scanning of the head is typically used to
  detect
• 1. bleeding, brain injury and skull fractures in
  patients with head injuries.
• 2. bleeding caused by a ruptured or leaking
  aneurysm in a patient with a sudden severe
  headache.
• 3. a blood clot or bleeding within the brain
  shortly after a patient exhibits symptoms of a
  stroke.
• 4. a stroke, especially with a new technique
  called Perfusion CT.
• 5. brain tumors.
• 6. enlarged brain cavities (ventricles) in
  patients with hydrocephalus.
• 7. diseases or malformations of the skull.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vTx-0emi4m8ssafety_
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