SYMBIOSES

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SYMBIOSES

• Symbioses - the close ecological relationship
  between organisms of two different species

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Three Types of Symbiosis Mutualism both
species benefit from the relationship. Commensal
ism one species benefits from the relationship
while the other is unaffected. Parasitism one
species lives at the expense of the other
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Mutualism Examples

• 1 Rhizobia bacteria to legumes
• Legume root hairs secrete a substance that
  attracts this bacteria and the hair curls to
  surround the bacteria
• The bacteria secretes an enzyme that creates
  nodules on the root
• The nodules are full of a type of hemoglobin that
  allows the bacteria to obtain oxygen
• The bacteria produce nitrogen for the plant

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• 2 The Clownfish and Sea anemone
• The Clownfish while being provided with food,
  cleans away fish and algae leftovers from the
  anemone.
• In addition, the sea anemones are given better
  water circulation because the clownfish fan their
  fins while swimming about.

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3 Another anemone relationship is with the Glass
Shrimp.
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• 4 Coral and Zooxanthellae algae
• Inside the sac of each coral polyp lives a
  one-celled algae called Zooxanthellae.
• The algae gives off oxygen and other nutrients
  that the coral polyp needs to live and in return
  the polyp gives the algae carbon dioxide and
  other substances the algae needs.
• That is why coral reefs grow so near the surface
  of the water where it is the sunniest--the algae
  need sunshine for photosynthesis.

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5 Coral Reefs have too many symbiotic
relationships to list.
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6 Diatoms like number 9 Rhizoselenia Have a
stable symbiotic relationship with the
nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria named Richelia
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• 7The giant worm, Riftia pachyptila vs. sulfur
  and methane eating bacteria
• The giant tube worm has no digestive tube.
• First, by means of its branchial plume (purple in
  the photo), it absorbs the energetic molecules
  contained in the fluid emitted by the
  hydrothermal vent as well as oxygen and carbon
  dioxide present in sea water.
• These components are then transported, in the
  blood, as far as the bacteria which are found in
  the interior of certain cells of the animal.
• Nourished the bacteria multiply and supply the
  organic matter which the tube worm needs to live.
  

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• 8 Sea anemone and a crab
• The anemone attached to the shell provides
  camouflage, protection, and the two invertebrates
  share food.
• In the wild, when the crab moves the anemone
  about the reef, it helps the anemones disperse.
• When the crab outgrows its shell, it will leave
  it behind and find a new, larger shell and
  transfer the anemone on to it or select a larger
  anemone.

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9 Cleaner fish are fish that provide a service
to other fish species by removing dead skin and
parasites. These cleaner wrasses are cleaning
parasites off a grouper.
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10 Did you know? The anglerfish's lighted lure
glows with the help of millions of bioluminescent
bacteria.
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The barnacles attach to the skin with a
super-glue like stuff they secrete from a "cement
gland." Barnacles filter plankton from the water.
Whether the barnacles bothers the whale or not is
up for debate. Scientists don't believe the
barnacles provide any benefits for the whale, but
they probably don't hurt them either. 
Commensalism
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Remora (several species in the family Echeneidae)
commonly attach themselves to sharks or ride
their hydrodynamic bow wakes. In addition, they
may eat parasites off sharks. Parasitic or Maybe
Commensalism
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• Viruses are parasitic and require a host to
  reproduce.
• Scientists have estimated that viruses kill 40
  of marine bacteria daily and can be found in all
  species of ocean life. Parasitism

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The Herring worm is a parasite found most
commonly in herring fish. If a parasitic herring
is eaten it is quite possible that the worms will
be transferred to the human. Most species of
fish have parasitic worms. Parasitism
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Bibliography
Armbrust, Virginia E. and Keith A. Sverdrup. An
Introduction to the Worlds Oceans, 9th ed. New
York, New York McGraw-Hill 2008 Anglerfish,
Retrieved August 1, 2008, from http//animals.nati
onalgeographic.com/animals/fish/anglerfish.html
Gray Whale, Retrieved July 31, 2008,
from http//animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals
/mammals/gray-whale.html Viruses, Retrieved July
31, 2008, from http//www.bio-medicine.org/biology
-news/Ocean-virus-identified-in-human-blood-sample
s-2353-1/ Barnacle, Retrieved July 31, 2008,
from http//www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/Barnacle.htm
l Herring, Retrieved July 31, 2008,
from http//www.nefsc.noaa.gov/sos/spsyn/pp/herrin
g/ Diatoms, Retrieved August 1, 2008,
from http//www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio07Tu
at03-t1-body-d2.html Coral Reef, Retrieved
August 7, 2008, from http//oceanworld.tamu.edu/st
udents/coral/ Anemone Shrimp, Retrieved August
1, 2008, from http//www.oceanfootage.com/stockfoo
tage/Anemone_Shrimp Coral Polyps, Retrieved
August 1, 2008, from http//oceanworld.tamu.edu/st
udents/coral/coral3.htm
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Bibliography
Hermit Crab, Retrieved July 29, 2008,
from http//www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls1
6cat1898articleid2106 Herring Worm,
Retrieved August 2, 2008, from http//2305physical
ocean.blogspot.com/2007/03/herring-worm.html
Riftia Worm, Retrieved August 3, 2008,
from http//www.planete-energies.com/content/featu
res/biodiversity-deep-sea/symbiosis.html
Parasite, Retrieved August 2, 2008,
from http//seafood.ucdavis.edu/pubs/parasite.htm
Romora, Retrieved August 2, 2008,
from http//www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-book
s/sharks--rays/behavior.htm