Unit 10 A Horse and Two Goats

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Unit 10 A Horse and Two Goats
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Teaching Objectives

• Topic Non-verbal communication
• Grammar points adj. with an infinitive structure
  (including it is adj. to do for/of Np to do
  )
• Vocabulary massive, disturb, plead, sacred,
  capital, replace, ingratiating, respectful, get
  out of sight, react to, refer to, dawn on, pace
  (v.), at the thought of, make somebody an offer
  for, sound policy to do
• Writing Writing a good beginning

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Unit 10 A Horse and Two Goats
Listening and Speaking Activities
Reading Comprehension and Language Activities
Extended Activities
Fun time
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Listening and Speaking Activities

• 1. Brainstorming
• 2. Listening
• 3. Speaking

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Warming up
What is the purpose of language? Language is used
to communicate or tell people thoughts, feelings
and reactions.
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Ways of communicating
Spoken language
Written language
Body language
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What is body language?
Body language is one form of nonverbal
communication (?????) without using words. Eye
contact or gaze, facial expression, gesture (??),
and posture (??), or the way you stand, are
different kinds of body language.
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Discuss the following questions.

• In addition to verbal messages, what other means
  can human beings use for communication?
• List at least two means and explain how they
  work.

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Suggested points

• Facial expressions (A more complicated system is
  LIP-READING.)
• Gestures (A more complicated system is the sign
  language for the deaf or dumb.)

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Speak while enjoying the picturesfacial
expressions.
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fearful
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happy
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sad
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sad, upset
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angry
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angry
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confused
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surprised
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shy
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contempt
disgust
anger
fear
joy
sorrow
surprise
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confident
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naughty
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excited
depressed
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ok
stop
good/well done
silent
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applause
victory
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Good/ Well done!
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Bad!
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Come here!
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Good luck!
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Me?
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I dont know!
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What does it mean?
Goodbye!
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Brainstorming

1. Expressions for understanding and getting the
   message across
2. Expressions for failure of communication
3. Expressions for emotional states
4. Expressions for body language
5. Expressions for differentiating between various
   meanings

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Expressions for understanding and getting the
message across

• understand, know, learn, acquire (knowledge,
  information), have an idea of, take / get the
  message, be well informed about something, get /
  put the message across, express, reveal, display,
  make oneself understood, dawn on somebody,
  something clicks in one's mind, something occurs
  to someone

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Expressions for failure of communication

• misunderstand, don't know .., be confused
  about...., get ... wrong, take too much for
  granted, be ignorant about something, have
  misconceptions about...., be biased / prejudiced
  against... be puzzling / puzzled, be mystifying
  / mystified, make a faux pas (a culturally
  embarrassing mistake), blunder in etiquette

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3. Expressions for emotional states

• happy/ unhappy, satisfied / dissatisfied,
  friendly / unfriendly, hospitable, hostile, cold,
  enthusiastic, be embarrassed / embarrassing, sad,
  depressed, low-spirited, moody, cheerful,
  delighted, glad, overjoyed

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4. Expressions for body language

• nod, winking, raise ones eye-brows, stare at
  somebody, avert one's eyes from somebody, pout
  one's lips, stick out ones tongue, make a face,
  put on a smiling/good / happy face, move / turn
  one's head, wave, beckon, palm up down, take
  ... into ones arms, kiss someone on the cheek/
  mouth/ forehead etc.. / touch, eye contact, his
  /her eyes speak for herself... ., a cloud crosses
  his/her face ...., be red in the face, blush, beam

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Go on enjoy body languages.
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baby kiss
handshake
hug
kiss your hand to sb.
bow
shake
nod
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5. Expressions for differentiating between
various meanings

• meaning(s), nuances of meaning, (fine) shades of
  meaning, tell the slight differences between
  ...., recognize the importance / significance
  of...., realize serious consequences, capture
  the delicate meaning of , ... actions speak
  louder than words

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Listening

• An Unusual Medium of Communication
• Task
• 1. Report the gist of the story.
• 2. Answer the questions in P137.

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pre-listening questions

1. Do we blow whistles for communication? When might
   you hear a whistle?
2. Explain what are the cultural meanings and rules
   for the following body language in different
   cultures.

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Listening

• 1.When and where did the speaker discover the
  whistled speech?
• 2.How did Mr. Martinez and the corn seller
  communication with each other?
• 3.Why did the speaker decide to stay longer with
  Mr. and Mrs. Martinez?
• 4.What did the speaker finally find out about the
  whistled speech used in the community?

script
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An Unusual Medium of Communication

• Human beings sometimes have to employ unusual
  methods of communication, such as sign language
  or lip-reading on occasions when they cannot get
  their meanings across with spoken language, or
  when using language to communicate becomes less
  convenient or impossible. Some examples of the
  various forms of sign language are those used by
  deaf or dumb people, by football or basketball
  referees, traffic policemen, and auctioneers to
  name but a few. But perhaps the most unusual
  method of communication is a kind of whistled
  speech, which I found in Mexico recently.

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• It was in a remote area in Mexico where I was
  traveling last month that I found some members of
  a community who live there using the whistled
  speech. I stayed in Mr. Martinez's house for the
  night, and when I got up in the morning, I saw
  him standing in front of his hut, whistling to a
  man a considerable distance away. The man was
  carrying a load of corn. Perhaps he was going to
  the market to sell it. The man answered Mr.
  Martinez with whistling. The interchange was
  repeated several times with different whistles.

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• Finally the man turned around and came up the
  footpath to Mr. Martinez's hut. Without saying a
  word he dumped his load on the ground. Mr.
  Martinez looked the load over, went into his hut,
  returned with some money, and paid the man the
  asking price. The man turned and left. Not a word
  had been spoken. They had talked, bargained over
  the price, and come to an agreement satisfactory
  to both parties, but they only used whistling as
  a medium of communication.

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• Originally I planned to leave for the next
  village after breakfast, but now I was extremely
  interested in this special way of communication
  and I decided to stay a little longer to find
  more. As Mr. and Mrs. Martinez had to go out on
  some business during the day, I had no chance to
  talk to them. When they came back, they told me
  that they had a successful day and they invited
  me to have dinner with them. I thought it was a
  good chance for me to talk to them, so I accepted
  their invitation happily.

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• I had expected them to whistle to each other at
  dinner, but they spoke in the normal way. I
  couldn't resist the temptation to ask them why
  they didn't whistle. Mr. Martinez laughed and
  explained Whistling is the man's privilege in
  their community and only men can use it. Women
  understand what it means but they never use it
  themselves. And, what's more, the whistled speech
  is mostly for business purposes, for bargaining,
  buying and selling in the market place. As to
  when they started this tradition and why they
  have kept it up, neither of them had the
  slightest idea. But I was quite satisfied with my
  investigation, and the next morning, I thanked
  Mr. And Mrs. Martinez for their hospitality, said
  goodbye to them, and went on with my journey.

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• The speaker discovered the whistled speech while
  he was traveling in a remote area in Mexico the
  previous month. He found that some members of the
  tribe that live there use the whistled speech to
  communicate.

listening
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• Instead of talking in words, they whistled to
  each other. In this way, they bargained over the
  price and came to an agreement satisfactory to
  both allowing Mr. Martinez to buy the sellers
  corn.

listening
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• He decided to stay longer because he was very
  interested in the whistled speech and wanted to
  find more about it.

listening
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• He learned from Mr. Martinez that only men in
  their community use the whistled speech. It is
  used mostly for business purposes, for
  bargaining, buying and selling in the market
  place.

listening
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3. Speaking

• A Get your meaning across

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Reading Comprehension and Language
Activities

• 1. Pre-reading activity
• 2. Questions for general comprehension
• 3. Summaries
• 4.Questions for discussion

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lead-in activity

• Cross-talking

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A Horse
and
Two Goats
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1. Where did the story take place?

• A mountain village in India, at the village
  entrance,
• The local language Tamil, not English as readers
  may assume

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2. What was the old man doing at the
beginning of the story? Guess what kind of life
he led in the village.

• Dowsing, not doing much, or just watching two
  goats graze in the pasture
• Slow life, boring, but a pastoral style
• Not rich, poor village

Question for general understanding
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3. What did the old man take the American
tourist for at the beginning? And why did he
think so?

• A police officer
• Dressed in Khaki jacket, like a policeman in
  uniform
• A murder not long ago in his neighborhood
• Perhaps police the only uniform-dressed people
  he knew about

Question for general understanding
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4.How did the American try to make the old
man understand him and what was the result?

• Explaining everything at length, uttering each
  syllable carefully, pausing from time to time
• Smiling politely, trying to be friendly
• Causing more misunderstanding than successful
  communication

Question for general understanding
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5.What was special about the horse statute
according to the old man?

• The horse a sacred image a future
  reincarnation as the tenth avatar
• Avatar the Guardian, the Redeemer, to save the
  villagers, and punish the wicked or evils at the
  end of the world
• The horse hope of future bliss and eternal
  happiness for the villagers

Question for general understanding
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6.What made the old man believe that the
American wanted to buy his two goats?

• The American flourished the 100-rupee note, his
  eyes, his patting the goats on the backs etc.
• His long-time dream to exchange goats for money
  for his projects

Question for general understanding
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7.What did the old man mean by pointing at
the wagon and what did the American mean by
saying Yes, of course?

• For the old man taking the goats away in that
  vehicle?
• For the American taking the horse statue away in
  that wagon

Question for general understanding
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8. Analyze the reasons for the failure of
communication between the old man and the
American tourist.

• Suggested reasons
• No common language (Language barrier)
• Lack of shared information between them (The
  American tourist had no knowledge about the horse
  statue he took it as a commodity but the idea
  of selling the horse statute was last thing that
  the old man would think of.)
• Body language is a useful means of communication
  in expressing emotions such as anger, happiness,
  satisfied, or complacency, but very limited in
  its informative power such as expressing the
  concept of murder, neighborhood, avatar, a good
  citizen, punish the evil, or get help for you etc.

Question for general understanding
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9.The writer did not tell the readers what
finally happened to the American tourist. Imagine
an ending to the story.

• This is an open question. Use your imagination to
  think.

Question for general understanding
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3 Summarise the story

• The story is about an encounter
  between an old Indian villager and an American
  tourist in India, neither of whom understand the
  other's language. As a result, the American's
  intention of buying the statue of a horse is
  misunderstood by the Indian as an offer to buy
  his two goats.

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Reproduce the story

• Work with your partner to act out the dialogue
  between the old man and the American tourist.
  Suppose both of them can speak English and then
  you will see how comical their conversation is.

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Reproduce the story

• The American tourist and the old Indian man
  talked at cross-purposes, i.e. they misunderstood
  and talked irrelevantly to each other. Suppose
  you were the son or daughter of the old man and
  understood English. Now, help your father to
  complete the following dialogue so that the
  conversation makes sense.

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Body language

• 1. Correct understanding The American tourist
  showed an interest in the statue and was
  overwhelmed by its beauty and craftsmanship.
• The Indians interpretation The man in the khaki
  shirt behaved strangely, pacing around the
  statue, he seemed to be thinking hard about
  something. He must be a police officer, coming to
  investigate a recent murder in the neighborhood.

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• 2. Intended message The American happened to
  look in the direction of the goats. He was going
  to offer a cigarette to the old man to start a
  friendly conversation.
• The Indians interpretation The policeman
  understood that those two goats were my property,
  not stolen animals. Look. Hes going to smoke. It
  seems he's not in a hurry to leave and he's going
  to question me about the murder.

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• 3. Intended message The American tourist was
  trying to be nice and friendly to the old man
  because he wanted to get more information out of
  him.
• The Indians interpretation The policeman
  probably had no more doubts about me concerning
  the murder.

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4.

• Intended message The American tourist was making
  the Indian an offer for the statue.
• The Indians interpretation The policeman wanted
  to change a large note.

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5.

• Intended message The old man thought it funny
  that people should expect a poor man like him to
  be able to change a large note.
• The Americans interpretation The old man
  thought one hundred rupees was not enough. He was
  trying to get a better bargain.

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6.

• Intended message He might look at his goats by
  chance, or he might do it when he remembered
  just then how much the village headman disliked
  him and his animals.
• The Americans interpretation The old man
  seemed to love his pets. Perhaps it would be good
  policy to show an interest in the old man's goats.

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7.

• Intended message He wanted to show the old man
  that he also loved his goats.
• The Indians interpretation The foreigner showed
  an interest in my goats. Oh. Yes. He wanted to
  buy them.

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8.

• Intended message The Indian wanted to know if
  the American was going to ship the goats home in
  that vehicle.
• The Americans interpretation The old man
  was asking if I was going to ship the statue home
  in the vehicle.

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9.

• Intended message The old man was grateful for
  this foreigner who helped him to make his dream
  come true. He went away quickly because he was
  afraid the goats might follow him. If that
  happened, he would not get the money he needed.
• The Americans interpretation The old man
  was grateful for the money and had gone to get
  some help to move the heavy statue into my
  vehicle.

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(No Transcript)
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Para 1

• The story took place in a small mountain village
  called Kiritam in India. The villagers there
  speak the native language of Tamil and, as
  readers will soon find out, do not understand
  English.

Language points and vocabulary
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Para 1

• massive guardian The horse was worshipped by the
  villagers as a protector of the village. Massive
  indicates that the horse statue is not only large
  in size, but also heavy in weight.
• Here is one more example The new stadium is a
  massive building.

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massive

• ????????
• a massive piece of furniture.
• a massive dose of a drug.
• ???????
• Try
• The old castle was surrounded by ______ walls.

massive
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• in the shape of a prancing horse having the
  shape of a horse springing up from its hind legs.

Para 1
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Para 1

• his tail looped up with a flourish
• The horses tail curled up spiritedly. A
  flourish is a decorative display intended to make
  people notice it.

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Para 1

• an old man was drowsing
• An old man was failing into a light sleep.

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Para 1

• station wagon It is a kind of vehicle with
  removable seats and an area behind the seats for
  suitcases, bags, etc.
• A station wagon is usually bigger than an
  ordinary car.

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Para 2

• khaki-coloured shirt yellowish brown shirt.
  Khaki is a type of fabric for jackets, which is
  often used for making army uniforms because it
  wears well. Thats why the old man took the
  American for a police officer.

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Para 3

• Tamil An official language spoken in Tamil Nadu
  state in India, and also one of the languages of
  Sri Lanka, Singapore and several regions in the
  Indian Ocean and the Middle East.

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Para 3

• My name is Muni, and the two goats are mine and
  mine only
• The old man introduced himself to the American
  and emphasized that the two goats were his
  property. Hence the relationship between the
  goats and Indian is made explicit. This also
  shows that he wanted to make it clear to the
  police officer that he was a good man.

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Para 8

• ingratiatingly respectfully, showing respect.
  The American tourist was trying to please the old
  man with a friendly humble smile.
• Ingratiatingly is often used disapprovingly of
  someone who tries to make himself liked by other
  people in a humble manner. Another word with
  similar meaning but different connotation is
  gratefully, which is often used in a positive
  way.

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ingratiating

• 1)Pleasing agreeable
• ??????????
• Reading requires an effort. . . . Print is not
  as ingratiating as television(Robert MacNeil)
• ??????????????????????(???????)

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ingratiating
2) Calculated to please or win favor ???????,???
an unctuous, ingratiating manner. ?????,?????
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Para 9

• Our village has always had a clean record Our
  village has never had any crime. If someone has a
  clean record, he has no criminal record or has
  not done anything dishonest or immoral.

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Para 13

• at the end of Notice the difference between at
  the end of and in the end, the former for time,
  the latter for sequence or logical reasoning.

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relate v. to narrate or tell.

• He related the whole story of the long-standing
  dispute between the two families.
• ???????????????.

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Para 13

• the tenth avatar, God Vishnu, and the Redeemer
  According to Hinduism, these three terms are
  different expressions referring to the same
  human-shaped or animal-shaped reincarnations of a
  god who lives in the spiritual and eternal world
  in heaven, and comes down as Avatar to punish the
  evil and save the good in the world.

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Para 15

• A conversation leading to mutual mystification
  followed
• They continued to talk at cross purposes.

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Para 15

• drive a bargain for try to get a cheaper price
  for.

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Para 17

• the like of which a fairly formal usage, meaning
  here notes of this kind/ notes of such a large
  amount of money. This sentence indicates the
  poverty of the old man in the story. The
  expression can have another form the likes of

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Para 18

• I guess I could go a little higher I would be
  willing to offer more (if this is not enough.)

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Para 20

• sound policy a good idea or plan

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Sound 1.based on truth or good judgment not
likely to be wrong2.in good condition without
disease or damage 3. solid firm strong

• I think that it is sound policy to ban smoking in
  all public places.

????????????????????.
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Para 21

• dawn on (The idea) came to him all of a sudden.
  The old man thought that he suddenly understood
  the Americans intention. He was interested in
  the two goats!

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Dawn on begin to appear grow clear ( to the
mind)

• It dawned on me that he was actually trying to
  help me.
• It suddenly dawned on the father that his son was
  lying.

?????????????.
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Offer v. to hold out ( to a person) for
acceptance or refusaln. something which is
offered

• The foreigner made the old woman an offer of
  1000 for the old jar, and she found herself
  unable to refuse.

?????????????????????,????????.
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Para 21

• capital money. Notice the different words for
  money Capital is more often used to mean the
  money to set up or expand a business fund is a
  sum of money collected for a special purpose, for
  example, to aid people who are in need of it.

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Para 21

• on this very spot an emphatic way of saying in
  this place. Very (adj.) is often used with a noun
  for emphasis.
• For example, on that very day at that very
  moment.

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Para 17

• the like of which a fairly formal usage, meaning
  here notes of this kind/ notes of such a large
  amount of money. This sentence indicates the
  poverty of the old man in the story. The
  expression can have another form the likes of

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at the thought of thinking of

• She would burst into tears at the thought of her
  child killed in a traffic accident.
• The prisoner felt regret at the thought of his
  past.

??????????????????.
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Translation

• 1. In the traditional Chinese opera, The White
  Snake who comes down to the earth in the shape of
  a beautiful girl and falls in love with Xuxian to
  whom she gets married later.
• 2. She feels dizzy at the sight of blood.

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Translation

• 3.He kept drowsing in class this morning.
• 4.He related the whole story of the long-standing
  dispute between the two families.

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Translation

• 5. She would burst into tears at the thought of
  her child killed in a traffic accident.
• 6. It dawned on me that he was actually trying to
  help me.

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Translation

• 7. The cave for the three of them to hide in was
  no more than two meters high.