Latin American Independence Movements

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Latin American Independence Movements

• Unit 5 The Long Nineteenth Century, 1750-1900 CE
• AP World History

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Haitian Revolution

• Began on August 22, 1781
• Slave uprising against the French
• Francois Dominique Toussaint LOuverture
  organized a small military group
• In order to overcome powerful countries wanting
  to claim Haiti (France, England, and Spanish)
  Toussiant played powers off of one another,
  finally allying with French

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Haitian Revolution

• Napoleons rule resulted in Toussiants death
• Jean-Jacques Dessalines was former slave who took
  over
• General Leclerc sent by Napoleon to deal with
  Haitians, bloody battles occurred
• Ended on November 28, 1803

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Legacy of Haitian Revolution

• Symbol of freedom and hope to the rest of slaves
  in North America
• Slave owners became aware of chance of rebellion
  of slaves
• Slave shelters built by slave owners in case of
  an uprising

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Latin America - Mexico

• 1810 Father Hidalgo (Catholic Priest) wanted
  political freedom, to end slavery, and improve
  living conditions for Mexicos poor
• Leads Native Americans mestizos in armed
  movement
• 1811 insurrection is put down by Spanish army
• Hidalgo is captured and executed

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Latin America - Mexico

• 1813 Jose Maria Morelos (Catholic priest)
  declares independence takes over after Hidalgo
• Captures large portion of southern Mexico
• 1815 is ultimately defeated by the Spanish
  executed
• Revolution now controlled by creole landowners

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Latin America - Mexico

• 1821- full independence is granted after creoles
  declare independence
• Led by Augustin de Iturbide
• Made himself emperor
• Was deposed in 1823
• Mexico declares itself a republic in 1823
• Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras
  soon follow
• Mexico unique because of lack of immigrant
  population

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Latin America - Mexico

• 1876 Porfirio Diaz begins 35 year rule of
  Mexico (eliminated opposition, but encouraged
  economic growth)
• 1910 Middle class begins movement for election
  reform escalates into 10 year rebellion
  (Mexican Revolution)
• 1921 New constitution written limited foreign
  investment, restricted church ownership of
  property, education reform

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Latin America South America

• 1810 - Simon Bolivar (Creole from Venezuela)
  known as the liberator starts a revolt in
  northern South America
• Leads to independence of Venezuela, Colombia,
  Panama, Bolivia, Ecuador
• 1826 all of Spanish South America has been
  liberated by Bolivar

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Latin America - Brazil

• 1808 Napoleon invades Portugal royal family
  flees to Brazil (monarchy is transferred)
• Former king was a liberal ruler - brought reforms
  in education, military academies, art medicine
• Rio de Janeiro is made the capital
• Dom Pedro (son of João) rules after King returns
  to Portugal
• September 1822 won full independence and
  chooses constitutional monarchy as form of
  government
• Did not have to endure a prolonged, bloody
  revolution

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Latin American 19th Century Problems

• Geography hindered trade, commerce,
  transportation and economy
• Colonial heritage not ready for independence
• Rigid Social Order
• Catholicism dominated daily life

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