Bioluminescence

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Bioluminescence
Dinoflagellates Trinidad
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What are the conditions like in the deep sea?
Physical Biological What are food sources
for animals that live in the deep sea?
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Ocean Zones
0 m
photic
200 m
dysphotic
1000 m
2000 m
aphotic
4000 m
6000 m
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Light Penetration in the Ocean
50 m
100m
Depth in meters
150 m
200 m
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Ocean Zones
0 m
photic
200 m
dysphotic
1000 m
2000 m
What color of light will animals use?
aphotic
4000 m
6000 m
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Light

• Types of light production
• incandescence light bulb
• luminescence- fluorescence bulb
• What is the difference between these types of
  light?
• Bioluminescence a chemical reaction

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Give examples of organisms that are
bioluminescent?
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Evolution of Bioluminescence

• O2 is toxic to some bacteria
• Convert O2 to a nontoxic substance
• Light is a byproduct
• Benefit to some organisms

Fossilized bacteria 3.5 bya
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Bioluminescence Chemical Reaction
luciferase Luciferin O2
oxyluciferin light
Bioluminescence Not found in freshwater
organisms.
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Types of Bioluminescence

• Bacterial
• Intrinsic

Photobacterium
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Bacteria

• Photobacterium (symbiotic relationship)
• Achromabacteria (2 types of squid use bacteria,
  the rest (17) make their own)
• Beneckea (not associated with symbiotic
  relationship)

Vibrio fischeri
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Photophore
(bacterial)
Light emitting organ
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• How do they get bacteria?
• organ open to exterior
• potentially continuous luminescence

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Bacterial Symbiont
Tunicate- Pyrosoma- bacterial symbiont
(intracellular)
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Bacterial photophores
Squid Euprymna- squid hatches w/out bacteria
w/in hours it is infected w/natural populations
of bacteria
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Bacterial Photophores in Fish
flashlightfish
Pinecone fish
Anglerfish
Ichthyococcus
ponyfish
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Intrinsic photophores
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Control of Bioluminescence

• Lid
• Vascular control
• Rotation of organ

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What are the benefits drawbacks of using
bioluminescence?
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Function of Bioluminescence

• Reproductive advantage
• Countershading
• Escape and avoid predation
• Species recognition
• Feeding
• In evolution

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Countershading
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Camouflage
Hatchetfish
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Predator Avoidance
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Some deep sea copepods are red in color. Why?
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Malacosteus (dragonfish)
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Communication
squids- looking for mates.
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Predation
Some predators can lure prey by mimicking signals
of prey. Other predators dangle a lure to attract
prey.
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Burglar Alarm Theory
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Burglar Alarm Theory
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Burglar Alarm Theory
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Defense
mid-water squid releases a bioluminescent cloud
to startle and confuse predators.
Photoblepharon- blink and run method.
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Other bioluminescent animals
Duncecap or helmet jellyPeriphylla periphylla
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Bamboo coral Keratoisis flexibilis
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Brittle Star, Ophiroidia
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ostracod
Ctenophore
Dinoflagellate
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pterapods
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Coconut octopus
Amphioctopus marginatus
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Polychaete Tomopteris
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Firefly squid
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Deep sea glass squid Teuthowenia pellucida
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Photophores on ventral surface
Deep sea gulper
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Deep sea viper fish
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Black Devil Angler Fish
lure
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angler fish
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1. Define bioluminescence.
2. Who produces bioluminescence?
3. What is the difference between intrinsic and
   bacterial bioluminescence?
4. What is the blink and run method?
5. What is countershading?
6. What is the evolutionary advantage of
   bioluminescence in bacteria?

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7.What color is most common and why? 8. What
advantages are there to producing red light? 9.
How do fish control luminescence? 10. What
triggers luminescence in dinoflagellates? 11.
What are luciferin and luciferase?